I    /i  '  ' 

Ml 


ROUND  THE  WORLD  SERIES 

VOLUME  I 


ROUND  THE  WORLD 


A  Series  of  Interesting  Illustrated  Articles 
on  a  Great  Variety  of  Subjects 


Climbing  the  Alps.    The  Great  Wall  of  China.    Nature  Study 

and  Photography.    The  Making  of  a  Newspaper.    Rookwood 

Pottery.    The  Magic  Kettle.    Some  Wonderful  Birds. 

Ostriches.    Skis  and  Ski  Racing.     The  Marvel  of 

the  New  World.    Triumphal  Arches.  Venders 

in  Different  Lands 


>o     /"/~"  / 

^  5  5   / 


WITH  109  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Santa  Barbara,  California 

NEW  YORK  CINCINNATI  CHICAGO 

BENZIGER  BROTHERS 

PRINTERS  TO  THE  HOLY  APOSTOLIC  SEE 
1906 


Copyright,  1906,  by  BENZIGER  BROTHERS 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

THE  OSTRICH  AND  OSTRICH  HUNTING         ...  1 

VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS 13 

THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA         .      .       .      .       .  27 

MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER 49 

ROOKWOOD  POTTERY 71 

THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD      ....  91 

NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY     ....  105 

SOME  WONDERFUL  BIBDS 119 

CLIMBING  THE  ALPS       .       .       .       .       .  .133 

THE  SKI  AND  SKI  RACING 145 

TRIUMPHAL  ARCHES 157 

THE  MAGIC  KETTLE 173 

ORANGE  CULTURE 181 

REMINISCENCES  OF  A  CREOLE  GRANDMOTHER   .  197 


The   Ostrich   and   Ostrich 
Hunting 

(Illustrated  with  stereographs,  copyright,  1904,  by  Underwood 
&  Underwood,  N.Y.) 


STRANGELY  enough,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  in  South  Africa  there  have  been  thriving  os- 
trich farms  for  nearly  half  a  century,  that  for 
twenty  years  ostriches  have  been  raised  in  our  own 
country,  that  in  California,  Arizona,  and  Florida 
there  are  a 
number  of  suc- 
cessful breeding 
places,  there  is, 
among  people  in 
general,  a  decid- 
ed lack  of  knowl- 
edge regarding 
these  largest  of 
birds. 

Many  fairy 
tales  have  been 
told  about  them  Great  ^j 

Birds  of 

—  that        when     the  Great 
Kano  (Des- 

hard   pressed   in    ert\  cape  colony 

South  Africa. 


2       THE  OSTRICH  AND   OSTRICH  HUNTING. 

the  chase  they  bury  their  heads  in  the  sand,  and 
consider  themselves  safe  from  pursuit,  that  one 
can  carry  a  couple  of  men  on  its  back,  and,  thus 
hampered,  travel  at  lightning  .speed,  that  their 
eggs  are  hatched  by  the  sun  rather  than  by  the 
birds  themselves — all  of  which  are  either  partially 
or  wholly  untrue. 

Here,  then,  are  some  facts  about  the  "  feather- 
bearer  of  my  lady." 

When  the  rainy  season  is  over,  the  male  bird 
scoops  out  a  circular  hole  in  the  sand  about  a  foot 
deep  and  three  feet  in  diameter.  In  this  nest,  the 
female,  who  begins  to  lay  when  she  is  three  years 
old,  deposits  her  eggs,  one  every  other  day  until,  on 
an  average,  fifteen  have  been  laid.  Each  of  these 
eggs,  weighing  from  three  to  three  and  a  half 
pounds,  contains  the  equivalent  of  about  twenty- 
four  ordinary  hen's  eggs.  Ostrich  eggs  are  very 
palatable,  though  scarcely  suitable  for  a  regular 
diet. 

While  the  "  setting "  is  being  accumulated,  a 
small  quantity  of  sand  is  scattered  over  the  eggs 
to  protect  them  from  the  heat  of  the  sun.  When 
satisfied  with  the  number  of  eggs  in  the  nest,  the 
birds,  male  and  female,  turn  and  turn  about,  pro- 
ceed to  hatch  them — a  process  covering  a  period  of 


THE  OSTRICH  AND  OSTRICH  HUNTING.       3 


forty-two  days.  As  the  time  for  her  brood  to  come 
forth  approaches,  the  mother  watches  the  eggs  very 
closely,  at  times  aiding  the  little  ones  by  pressing 
her  breastbone  against  the  shells,  and  at  other 

times  literal-      tfflfe      ly    dragging    them    from 

T^»3C 
their  prisons.      QKr      As  a  rule,  each  pair  will 

rear  ten  birds      Mi        a  year. 

At  maturi-    S        ty,    the    ostrich    measures 


.4  Conspicuous 
Inhabitant  of 
the  Great 
Kano,  Cape 
Colony,  South 
A  trica. 


more  than  seven  feet  in  height  and  weighs  from 
two  hundred  to  three  hundred  pounds.  Its  normal 
life  is  seventy  years.  Alfalfa  hay  and  sugar  beets 
have  been  found  to  be  the  best  food  for  those  in 
captivity,  but  it  is  true  that  the  ostrich  is  not  at  all 


4       THE  OSTRICH  AND   OSTRICH  HUNTING. 

particular,  swallowing  pieces  of  iron,  sharp  or 
otherwise,  nails,  leather — in  fact,  anything  it  comes 
across — without  any  apparent  effect  upon  its  diges- 
tion. 

Although  afraid  of  a  dog  or  any  other  small 
animal,  the  bird  will  sometimes,  when  angered, 
attack  a  man,  even  though  he  be.  on  horseback. 
This  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  it  can  not  strike 
at  less  than  three  feet  above  the  ground.  At  and 
above  that  height,  however,  the  force  of  the  blow 
it  can  give  with  its  foot  is  tremendous. 

The  males  often  battle  for  supremacy,  or  for 
the  admiration  of  the  females.  During  these  fero- 
cious combats,  which  closely  resemble  a  boxing- 
match,  they  stand  on  one  foot,  the  other  foot  and 
the  wings  raised,  the  bill  wide  open  and  the  neck 
extended.  Sparring  cautiously,  they  circle  about, 
seizing  every  opportunity  to  launch  a  blow  that 
would  kill  a  man  were  it  to  strike  him.  Their 
antics  are  amusing,  but  frequently  they  end  disas- 
trously for  one  of  the  contestants,  and  often  a 
keeper  is  badly  hurt  in  endeavoring  to  separate 
them. 

Ostriches  respond  readily  to  training,  develop, 
with  the  aid  of  their  wings,  remarkable  speed  in 
running,  can  carry  a  light  man  upon  their  backs 


THE  OSTRICH  AND  OSTRICH  HUNTING.      5 


A  Morning  Drive  at  Jacksonville,  Florida. 


6      THE  OSTRICH  AND  OSTRICH  HUNTING. 

without  any  discomfort,  and  have  even  heen  har- 
nessed to  a  sulky  and  driven  like  horses. 

The  value  of  the  ostrich  is,  of  course,  in  its 
feathers,  of  which  there  are  on  each  bird  about 
one  thousand.  Only  three  hundred  of  these  are 
plucked,  from  the  wings  and  tail,  the  most  valuable 
being  the  twenty-five  long  white  plumes  that  grow 
on  each  wing  of  the  male.  The  rest  of  the  male's 
feathers  are  black,  while  the  prevailing  color  of  the 
female's  feathers  is  either  drab  or  gray. 

Every  eight  or  nine  months,  after  they  are  eight 
months  old,  the  birds  are  plucked  or  rather  cut, 
for  the  modern  method  is  to  clip  the  feathers  off 
about  two  inches  from  the  body.  This  is  done  for 
two  reasons — because  it  is  painless,  and  because,  as 
a  result  of  doing  so,  it  has  been  found  that  the 
succeeding  crop  of  feathers  is  much  better.  Dur- 
ing the  operation  the  bird's  head  is  covered  with  a 
bag,  and  it  stands  perfectly  still.  After  the  pluck- 
ing, the  feathers  are  graded  according  to  size  and 
quality,  when  they  pass  into  the  hands  of  the 
"  feather-dressers/'  whose  work  in  dyeing  and  pre- 
paring them  for  the  market  adds  greatly  to  tho 
cost.  The  ostrich  farmer  who  realizes  thirty  dol- 
lars a  year  profit  on  each  bird  considers  himself 
fortunate. 


THE  OSTRICH  AND   OSTRICH  HUNTING.       ? 


Ostrich  "Cyclone" 
Racing  nt  Jackson- 
ville, Florida. 


Fifty  years  ago  there  were  no  ostrich  farms; 
the  birds  were  only  known  in  a  wild  state,  and  all 
the  feathers  used  were  secured  in  the  open. 

It  can  not  be  said  that  hunting  ostriches  is 
exciting  sport.  The  methods  employed  in  captur- 
ing them  vary  little  in  the  different  countries 
where  they  are  found.  In  Africa,  the  home  of  the 


v\ 


8       THE  OSTRICH  AND   OSTRICH  HUNTING. 


Throwing  a  Bag  over  the  Ostrich's  Head,  BO  that 
lie  can  be  Plucked. 


largest  and  most  valuable  ones,  the  march  of  civil- 
ization has  driven  the  birds  into  the  interior, 
where  they  are  hunted,  almost  exclusively,  by  the 
natives;  but  now  and  again  the  Arabs,  who  in 
the  old  days  were  the  chief  huntsmen,  organize  a 
hunt.  The  hotter  the  weather,  the  more  easily  the 
birds  tire  and  lose  their  strength.  So  midsummer 
is  generally  selected  as  the  time  for  the  chase. 


THE  OSTRICH  AND  OSTRICH  HUNTING.     11 

a  sign  that  they  have  become  utterly  weary,  the 
Arabs  rush  in  among  them,  striking  down  the  un- 
resisting creatures  with  their  heavy  sticks  and  ren- 


• 

An  Easter  Morning  in  the  Desert.     Ostrich  Chickens. 

dering  them  unconscious — when  they  either  kill  or 
capture  them. 

After  this  fashion  my  lady's  plumes  were  al- 
ways secured  in  the  days  gone  by.    Nowadays  she 


12      THE  OSTRICH  AND  OSTRICH  HUNTING. 

need  not  reproach  herself  for  being  the  indirect 
cause  of  this  cruelty — thanks  to  the  ostrich  farms 
and  the  humane  methods  that  prevail  there. 


Venders   in   Different 
Lands 


"  IF  ifs  and  ands  were  pots  and  pans,"  runs  the 
old  saw,  "  what  would  the  tinkers  do  ?  "  For- 
tunately, since  there  is  no  known  method  for 
changing  these  conjunctions  into  the  useful  uten- 
sils, the  question  may  remain  unanswered,  and 
the  world  will  continue  to  find  need  for  tinkers 
and  other  pedlers. 

In  Scotland  "tinkers"  is  the  term  employed 
to  designate  all  itinerant  venders.  There  are 
many  of  them  in  that  thrifty  country,  but  the  line 
drawn  between  beggars  and  pedlers  is  rather  in- 
distinct; and  furthermore,  while  the  Scotch  do 
not  claim  that  all  traveling  merchants  are  dis- 
honest, they  do  say  that  "ye  maun  keep  an  eye 
open  the  whiles  they  are  aroun'."  There  is  a  law 
against  begging  in  the  land  of  the  heather,  so 
that  those  who  follow  this  "  vocation "  usually 
make  some  pretense  of  offering  goods  for  sale. 
In  many  instances  the  woman  tinker  has  a  baby 
13 


14 


VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 


The  Panal  Vender,  Seville,  Spain. 

in  ner  arms  as  she  passes  from  door  to  door,  ap- 
pealing for  charity,  though  she  carries  in  the  bas- 
ket upon  her  back  some  small  wares  to  be  used 
in  case  of  emergency,  and  some  men  tramps,  dis- 
pensing with  the  pack,  take  their  chances.  The 
patriarchal  vender  resting  beside  the  Scottish  road 
probably  carries  his  scanty  stock  for  the  purpose 


VENDERS   IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS.  15 

of  evading  the   law  rather  than   as   a  means  of 
gaining  a  livelihood. 

On  the  other  side  of  the  Giant's  Causeway, 
which  was  huilt,  according  to  legend,  hy  the  giant 
Fin  McCool  so  that  a  Scottish  giant,  one  Cucullin, 


Nepalese  Girl  Selling  Standard  Oil  Company's  Kerosene, 
Darjeeling,  India. 


16  VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 

might  cross  over  to  fight  him  without  wetting 
his  feet,  lies  the  Isle  of  the  Shamrock,  where  the 
pedler  is  very  much  in  evidence.  Whether  he  is 
selling  a  blackthorn  to  a  tourist,  or  fish  to  a  house- 
wife, you  may  be  sure  that  the  vender's  ready  wit 
and  flattering  tongue  enable  him  to  drive  a  sharp 
bargain.  The  visitor  to  Ireland  who  does  not  see 
the  fish  market  of  Galway  will  miss  an  inter- 
esting and  characteristic  scene.  In  the  open 
square  of  this  busy  west  coast  town  the  pedlers 
gather  in  picturesque  groups  to  dispose  of  their 
catch  which  they  bring  in  from  the  Claddagh.  The 
Claddagh  is  a  suburb  where  the  fisher  community 
makes  its  home.  A  queer  little  colony  it  is.  The 
people  elect  their  own  mayor,  and  it  is  to  him 
they  appeal,  rather  than  to  the  regularly  consti- 
tuted authorities,  whenever  they  have  an  "  argu- 
ment." 

Perhaps  there  is  no  country  in  the  world  so 
infested  with  beggars,  fakirs,  and  pedlers  as  India, 
where  they  are  a  veritable  nuisance.  The  con- 
stant stream  of  British  travel  has  enabled  the 
street  merchants  to  pick  up  a  smattering  of  our 
language,  so  that  to-day  the  English  or  American 
visitor  is  constantly  surrounded  by  a  ragged  mob 
of  hawkers,  the  while  his  ears  are  assailed  by  their 


VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 


17 


•whining  cry,  "  Please  buy ;  I   am  a  poor  man ; 
please  buy/' 

And  what  do  these  men  sell?     For  the  most 


Oalway  Fish  Sellers,  Galway,  Ireland. 

part  cheap  imitations  of  goods  for  which  the  coun- 
try is  famous,  trinkets  of  brass,  glass,  beadwork 
and  the  like,  of  little  value  and  of  no  use.  The 


18 


VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 


bazars,  however,  present  pictures  of  kaleidoscopic 
color;  and  at  times  one  comes  across  scenes  that 
are  rather  unexpected — for  instance,  a  booth  where 
flowers,  fruits,  vegetables,  and  kerosene  oil  are 
sold.  Were  a  stranger  to  purchase  a  measure  of 
oil  from  the  guileless  looking  Nepalese  girl  he 


Street  Pedlers'  Carts  on  Elizabeth  Street,  looking  north 
from  Hester  Street,  New  York  City. 


VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS.  19 


A  Water  Vender,  typical  of  Mexico's  Mountain  Cities, 
Guanajuato. 

would  probably  have  to  pay  as  much  for  the 
u  service  "  as  for  the  kerosene.  Bret  Harte  tells 
us  that  "  for  ways  that  are  dark  and  for  tricks 
that  are  vain  the  heathen  Chinee  is  peculiar," 
but  the  same  may  be  said  of  all  Orientals. 

In  southern  countries,  where  there  is  so  much 
outdoor  life,  the  pedler  is  an  important  personage. 


20  VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 

During  a  stroll  upon  the  streets  of  Naples  one  will 
pass  a  great  many  chestnut  venders,  each  supplied 
with  the  familiar  little  furnace;  perambulating 
restaurants  where  the  native  purchases  his  beloved 
macaroni ;  fruit  sellers  with  carts  drawn  by  dimin- 
utive donkeys  scarcely  larger  than  Newfoundland 
dogs,  and,  occasionally,  a  milk  dealer,  leading  a 
pair  of  goats  from  door  to  door. 

In  Seville,  or  any  of  the  Spanish  cities,  the 
traveler  finds  the  suave  and  insinuating  pur- 
veyor of  panal,  a  preparation  of  honeycomb;  and 
he  will  be  firm  indeed  if  he  does  not  permit  the 
pedler  to  coax  from  him  the  few  pennies  charged 
for  the  delicacy.  The  market  at  Seville  is  held 
in  the  early  morning  and  is  well  worth  a  visit. 
While  it  would  be  easier  to  say  what  is  not  sold 
there  than  to  enumerate  the  things  displayed, 
the  stranger  will  be  particularly  attracted  by  the 
booths  for  the  sale  of  secondhand  clothing,  the 
drinking  water  stands  and  the  open-air  barber 
shops.  Then  he  will  enjoy  a  cup  of  chocolate  and 
some  calentitos  (cakes  similar  to  our  crullers)  or 
a  few  vanilla  wafers,  all  of  which  will  be  politely 
offered  him  by  the  street  venders,  before  visiting 
the  many  sights  of  the  city.  Among  these  sights 
the  New  Yorker  should  not  neglect  the  Griselda, 


VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 


21 


from  which  the  tower  of  Madison  Square  Garden 
is  copied. 

The  early  riser  in  the  mountain  cities,  or,  in- 


Fruit  Cart,  Naples,  Italy. 


deed,  in  the  capital  itself,  of  our  little  sister 
republic,  Mexico,  will  meet  a  motley  assemblage 
of  itinerant  merchants.  He  will  see  aquadors, 


22 


VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 


each  with  one  or  two  jugs  of  water  suspended  by 
straps  from  his  shoulders  or  his  head,  Indian  men 
and  women  with  crates  of  chickens  or  turkeys, 


A  Filipino  "Fuel  Combine."    Woodsellers  on  tbeir  Way 
to  Market,  Luzon,  P.  I. 

panniers  of  oranges,  crates  of  earthenware,  with 
sacks  of  peas  or  baskets  of  fish,  each  one  crying 
his  or  her  wares,  the  commingled  voices  creating  a 


VENDERS   IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 


23 


medley   of   sound   totally   unintelligible   to   those 
unaccustomed  to  the  cries. 

The  shrewdness  of  the  Yankee  pedler  is  pro- 


The  Broom  Vender,  Scotland. 


verbial ;  sometimes  it  has  been  carried  to  excess, 
as  was  the  case  when  many  a  housewife  pur- 
chased wooden  nutmegs  instead  of  the  real  article ; 


34  VENDERS  IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS. 

and  the  founders  of  many  of  our  wealthy  families 
began  their  lives  as  traveling  merchants,  carrying 
their  packs  upon  their  backs;  but  the  day  of  the 
Yankee  pedler  is  passing.  In  these  days  the  itin- 
erant merchants  and  the  street  venders  are,  as  a 
rule,  foreigners.  In  every  city,  town,  and  village 
they  are  to  be  found,  but  nowhere  are  there  more 
of  them  than  in  New  York. 

While  they  may  be  seen  in  all  portions  of  the 
city,  to  the  distress  of  the  police,  in  the  foreign 
districts  their  name  is  legion.  Here  the  streets 
are  lined  with  pushcarts  whose  owners  supply  the 
myriads  of  people  dwelling  in  the  tall  tenements 
with  every  necessity  and  delicacy,  from  hats  to 
shoes,  and  from  decayed  vegetables  to  oysters  on 
the  half  shell.  The  Babel  that  fills  the  air  as  the 
bargaining  is  carried  on  in  every  language  and  in 
every  gradation  of  tone,  era.  better  be  imagined 
than  described;  and  visitors  come  many  a  mile 
to  see  the  open-air  markets  of  Elizabeth,  Hester, 
Mulberry,  and  other  east  side  streets. 

But  the  unromantic  city  authorities  consider 
the  pushcart  men  a  nuisance,  and,  however  pic- 
turesque and  interesting  they  may  be,  it  must 
be  admitted  that  they  are  a  menace  to  the  public 
health.  It  may  seem  a  hardship  to  deprive  these 


VENDERS   IN  DIFFERENT  LANDS.  25 

men  of  their  means  of  livelihood,  and  in  individ- 
ual cases  it  may  be,  but  the  general  result  will 
fully  justify  the  movement.  Aside  from  con- 
siderations of  cleanliness,  the  system  has  many 
evils.  Our  typical  commercial  concentration  has 
extended  even  to  the  guild  of  street  venders,  and 
to-day  almost  all  the  pushcarts  are  controlled  by 
syndicates,  who  employ  the  men,  paying  them 
barely  enough  to  keep  body  and  soul  together, 
and  reaping  the  profits  that  rightly  belong  to  the 
pedlers.  On  the  whole,  therefore,  the  city  and 
the  venders  may  be  congratulated  when  the  his- 
toric pushcart  has  passed  into  oblivion. 


COLLEGE 


The  Great  Wall  of  China 


THE  best  preserved,  though  by  no  means  the 
most   accessible,    portion   of   the    Great   Wall   of 

China  is  where  it 
crosses  the  Nankow 
Pass,  about  forty-five 
miles  north  of  Peking. 
It  was  to  this  point, 
therefore,  that  a  friend 
and  I.  while  on  a  visit 
to  Peking  two  years 
ago,  decided  we  would 
go,  for  we  agreed  that 
our  tour  in  China 
would  be  wofully  in- 
complete if  it  did  not  include  a  visit  to  the  old 
structure.  When  arranging  the  trip  we  met  two 
other  travelers  also  desirous  of  making  the  jour- 
ney, so  it  was  agreed  we  should  all  go  together. 

As  the  Boxer  war  was  only  a  year  and  a  half 
old,  and  a  good  deal  of  ill-feeling  was  still  har- 
27 


Copyright,  1902,  by  C.  H.  Graves,  Philadelphia. 

A  Camel  and  Driver  in  the  Nankow 
Pass. 


28  THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

bored  against  foreigners,  it  was  considered  advi- 
sable by  our  fellow  travelers  to  obtain  a  military 
escort.  This  Mr.  Conger,  the  United  States 
Minister  at  Peking,  very  kindly  secured  for  us. 
The  escort  consisted  of  an  officer  and  two  privates 
of  a  regiment  of  Chinese  mounted  infantry. 

Two  of  us  would  gladly  have  dispensed  with 
the  services  of  these  gentry  and  merely  taken  a 
guide,  as  the  element  of  risk  was  just  enough  to 
give  a  flavor  of  adventure  to  the  enterprise.  Our 
companions,  however,  were  obdurate  on  this  point, 
and  we  abandoned  opposition. 

As  we  were  unable  to  secure  horses,  the  alterna- 
tive presented  was  to  make  the  journey  in  a  cart, 
or  by  sedan  chairs  harnessed  fore  and  aft  to  mules. 
The  latter  method  did  not  appeal  to  us,  so  my 
friend  and  I  chartered  a  cart  with  two  fine  mules, 
while  the  others  elected  to  go  in  chairs.  We  soon 
discovered  our  cart  to  be  anything  but  a  blessing. 
It  was  devoid  of  springs,  and  when  we  got  out- 
side of  the  city  on  the  abominable  roads,  with  their 
ruts  and  enormous  stones,  we  were  bumped  from 
side  to  side  and  banged  against  the  top  of  the 
vehicle  in  the  most  alarming  manner,  so  that  be- 
fore we  had  gone  five  miles  our  helmets  were 
crushed  and  broken,  our  bodies  bruised  all  over, 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 


29 


our  knuckles  raw,  and  our  tempers  spoiled.  The 
chairs,  on  the  other  hand,  went  along  with  an  easy 
swinging  motion  which  was  enviable  to  see. 

Our  caravan  presented  quite  an  imposing  ap- 
pearance as  we  left  Peking.     It  consisted  in  all 


Copyright,  1903,  by  C.  H.  Graves,  Philadelphia. 

The  Entrance  to  the  City  of  Nankow. 


30  THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

of  the  three  soldiers,  the  two  mule  litters,  our 
cart,  our  guide's  cart,  and  another  cart,  bringing 
up  the  rear,  containing  our  rugs  for  bedding  and 
provisions  necessary  for  a  four  days'  journey.  We 
made  an  early  start,  in  order  to  reach  Nankow  by 
nightfall,  and  by  so  doing  we  avoided  the  exces- 
sive discomfort  caused  by  the  afternoon  wind,  and 
the  thick  dust  stirred  up  by  the  "many  long  camel 
trains  and  mule  wagons  which  enter  the  capital  by 
this  road. 

Leaving  the  Tatar  city  by  the  Ti-Sheng  gate, 
we  soon  passed  the  ancient  boundaries  established 
under  the  Mongol  dynasty  in  1215.  Peking  in 
those  days  must  have  been  an  enormous  place,  for 
the  present  city  only  occupies  a  portion  of  the 
site  of  Kanbaligh,  as  it  was  called  at  that  time, 
and  the  old  walls  which  we  passed  a  mile  and  a 
quarter  out  marked  its  limits  on  that  side.  There 
was  a  further  ride  of  about  four  miles  past  the  vil- 
lage of  Hsi-hsiao-huan,  in  which  there  is  much  of 
interest  to  the  lover  of  the  picturesque.  This  was 
along  a  dusty  road,  teeming  at  first  with  busy 
life,  which  lessened  as  each  mile  from  the  capital 
was  passed.  We  arrived  at  Ching-ho,  where  there 
is  a  fine  old  stone  bridge.  About  six  miles  farther 
on  there  are  two  more  of  these  bridges  over  rivers 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA.  31 

just  outside  the  town  of  Sha-ho.  These  old 
bridges  well  repaid  inspection,  on  account  of  their 
simple  beauty  and  antiquity.  They  are  credited  to 
the  Ming  dynasty,  ample  evidence  to  support  the 
supposition  being  shown  in  the  unmistakable  lines 
of  the  architecture.  The  roadways  on  top  and  the 
approaches  are  in  the  most  appalling  condition, 
and  only  with  the  greatest  difficulty  could  our 
mules  pull  the  carts  up,  on  account  of  the  enor- 
mous ruts  between  the  stones,  worn,  in  many 
places  over  a  foot  deep,  by  centuries  of  use.  It 
seems  strange  that  in  a  country  where  labor  is 
so  cheap,  and  where  such  enduring  monuments 
are  erected,  so  little  attention  should  be  devoted 
to  the  roads  which  are  so  much  used,  and  are  the 
sole  means  of  communication  between  one  portion 
of  the  country  and  another. 

We  put  up  at  an  inn  in  Sha-ho  to  give  the 
mules  food  and  rest,  and  to  make  the  first  on- 
slaught on  our  own  provisions. 

Leaving  Sha-ho  in  the  afternoon  we  slowly  trav- 
eled about  eleven  miles  along  the  awful  road  until 
we  reached  Nankow. 

There  was  many  a  picture  to  be  seen  along  this 
stretch.  The  caravans  of  laden  camels,  and  the 
mule-carts,  with  their  drivers,  often  sound  asleep, 


32  THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

sitting  on  one  of  the  shafts;  the  herds  of  goats 
and  their  picturesque  tenders  stirring  up  a  cloud 
of  dust ;  the  striking  life  studies  to  be  seen  around 
the  wells,  and  the  villages  of  mud  huts  with  their 
quaint  rice-papered  windows,  were  all  full  of  in- 
terest and  possibilities  for  the  artist. 

A  group  at  one  of  these  villages  reminded  me 
of  the  butcher-shops  of  Canton,  where  all  kinds 
of  horrible  things  are  displayed  for  sale.  An 
old  donkey  was  lying  on  the  ground.  His  time 
had  all  but  come,  and  many  Chinamen  were  gath- 
ered round  to  see  the  end.  Just  as  our  cavalcade 
drew  up  to  rest  for  half  an  hour,  the  poor  donkey 
died.  Before  we  started  on  again  the  donkey  had 
been  skinned,  cut  up,  and  sold  for  meat,  and  from 
the  eager  way  in  which  the  meat  was  bought, 
I  judge  that  donkey  in  those  parts  is  considered 
a  very .  great  delidacy  indeed.  One  enterprising 
individual  bought  up  fully  half  of  it,  and  started 
out  with  the  meat  on  a  barrow,  evidently  with  the 
intention  of  peddling. 

We  had  no  sooner  got  under  way  again  than  my 
companion  and  I  found  good  reason,  after  all,  to 
congratulate  ourselves  on  having  chosen  a  cart  in- 
stead of  the  mule  chairs.  The  mules  in  the  lead- 
ing litter  took  fright  at  something,  and  began  to 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 


33 


34  THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

run  away.  Their  driver  could  not  stop  them, 
and  the  faster  he  ran,  the  faster  ran  the  mules; 
when  they  had  warmed  up  nicely  they  broke  into 
a  gallop.  The  yells  of  the  man  inside  were  loud 
and  strong.  There  was  no  possibility  of  his  get- 
ting out,  so  the  only  thing  to  do  was  to  hang  on 
as  best  he  could  and  bear  it.  The  Chinese  soldiers 
went  to  the  rescue  and  caught  the  runaway,  but 
not  before  the  mules  had  succeeded  in  jolting  the 
lashings  of  the  litter  loose,  so  that  the  whole  af- 
fair finally  fell  off  and  rolled  into  a  ditch.  When 
we  managed  to  catch  up,  the  victim  was  just 
emerging  through  the  window.  A  sad-looking  ob- 
ject he  was,  for  he  had  been  battered  from  side  to 
side  and  up  and  down,  until  he  was  bruised  and 
sore  all  over,  but  fortunately  no  further  harm  had 
been  done.  When  we  saw  him  we  concluded  that, 
with  all  its  faults,  a  Peking  cart  was  not  such  a 
bad  affair  after  all. 

We  passed  through  several  villages,  all  much 
the  same  in  appearance,  and  the  inhabitants 
were  seemingly  well  disposed  to  foreigners, 
notwithstanding  that  this  was  the  heart  of  the 
Boxer  region.  Many  of  the  people  here  were 
formerly  members  of  that  organization,  all  that 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA.  35 

was  needed  to  make  them  reassume  the  role  being 
the  red  sash  and  headdress. 

There  are  some  forts,  apparently  very  inacces- 
sible, upon  the  hills  at  this  point.  It  is  said  that 
these  were  constructed  solely  for  the  purpose  of 
drilling  imperial  troops  in  the  science  of  storming 
such  difficult  strongholds. 

Nankow  is  a  walled  city,  and  approached  by  a 
fine  old  gateway  on  which  there  is  much  interest- 
ing carving.  The  walls  do  not  appear  to  receive 
much  attention  now,  and  are  falling  into  ruin. 
This  was  our  destination,  and  we  put  up  at  a  Chi- 
nese inn  for  the  night.  The  accommodation  was 
anything  but  elaborate;  a  dirty  room  with  the 
floor  to  sleep  on  was  the  best  the  place  offered. 
However,  here  seemed  no  alternative;  so  we  each 
made  up  a  bed  of  straw  and  lay  down  on  our  rugs. 
But  sleep  there,  was  out  of  the  question ;  so  I  aban- 
doned the  shelter  of  the  inn,  and  took  to  the  cart, 
in  which,  wrapped  in  my  rug,  with  a  board  across 
the  shafts  on  which  to  rest  my  feet,  I  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  the  night  in  much  greater  comfort. 

The  Chinese  inns  are  dirty  in  the  extreme.  No 
attempt  is  made  at  either  comfort  or  cleanliness. 
They  are  a  great  contrast  to  the  cleanliness — if 
not  comfort — of  the  native  inns  in  Japan.  It  is 


86  THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

almost  impossible  to  sleep  in  one  of  these  filthy 
places.  The  best  plan  is  to  take  a  folding  cot 
along,  and  place  it  in  a  sheltered  spot  out  of  doors, 
or  else  arrange  a  bed  in  a  cart.  Otherwise,  no 
rest  need  be  looked  for,  and  after  the  tiresome 
journey  sleep  is  badly  needed. 

From  Nankow  to  the  Great  Wall,  where  it 
crosses  the  Nankow  Pass,  is  about  fifteen  miles, 
and  as  this  portion  of  the  journey  is  very  rough 
in  places,  we  left  the  cart  and  horses  behind,  and 
adopted  the  usual  means  of  accomplishing  the  rest 
of  the  journey — by  donkey.  Good  donkeys  were 
to  be  got  here,  and  each  was  accompanied  by  its 
driver.  They  are  very  tiny,  but  do  not  seem 
to  have  any  objection  to  bearing  the  weight  of  a 
man.  The  mule-chairs  accomplished  the  trip  all 
right,  though  the  drivers  represented  it  as  impos- 
sible. This,  however,  was  only  an  excuse  to  loaf. 
Finding  I  could  walk  about  as  fast  as  the  donkeys, 
I  made  a  great  part  of  the  journey  on  foot.  Some 
of  it  was  of  such  absorbing  interest  that  I  should 
like  to  have  been  able  to  spend  several  days  on 
these  few  miles,  as  the  intense  picturesqueness  of 
the  Pass  is  undeniable. 

Soon  after  leaving  Nankow  the  road  enters  a 
long  canyon  Avith  hills  on  either  side,  rugged, 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 


37 


38  THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

rocky,  and  barren  of  all  vegetation.  This  is  the 
great  roadway  from  China  to  Mongolia,  and  has 
been  for  centuries  one  of  the  greatest  commercial 
highways  in  Asia.  There  is  an  unmistakable  look 
about  the  road  of  having  been  used  for  ages  un- 
told. Here  were  to  be  seen  caravans  of  heavily 
laden  camels,  with  deep-toned  bells  hung  round 
their  necks,  and  trains  of  donkeys,  each  with  loaded 
panniers,  wending  their  way  slowly  along  this 
tortuous  road,  in  and  out,  and  up  and  down  the 
mountains,  just  as  they  did  over  a  thousand  years 
ago. 

Here,  fresh  from  twentieth  century  civilization, 
we  were  practically  going  back  into  the  centuries, 
and  could  see  life  just  as  it  was  when  Confucius 
taught  his  doctrines.  There  was  no  single  thing 
to  recall  the  great  modern  world  outside.  We 
seemed,  by  some  magical  means,  to  be  gazing 
deep  into  the  past,  and  could  grasp  the  full  sig- 
nificance of  the  fact  that  while  China  is  the  oldest 
of  nations  she  has  steadily  refused  to  progress 
with  the  times,  and  at  heart  is  in  many  respects 
as  she  was  when  Christ  was  born. 

There  is  another  fortified  town  about  five  miles 
from  ISTankow — the  town  of  Chu-yung-kwan.  It 
has  a  most  beautiful  archway,  dating  from  the 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA.  39 

fourteenth  century,  elaborately  embellished  with 
Buddhist  bas-reliefs,  and  inscriptions  in  six  lan- 
guages— Sanscrit,  Tibetan,  Chinese,  Mongol, 
Uigur,  and  Niuchih. 

The  object  of  our  journey  first  came  into  view 
about  ten  miles  from  Nankow,  near  some  small 
temples  built  upon  the  precipitous  hillsides.  As 
we  proceeded  many  glimpses  of  it  could  be  caught 
as  it  stretches  its  immense  length  high  over  the 
mountains.  We  quickly  reached  the  top  of  the 
ridge  which  the  wall  follows  at  this  point,  and  the 
greatest  of  all  structures  ever  erected  by  the  hand 
of  man  lay  before  us. 

The  Great  Wall  of  China,  called  by  the  Chinese 
"  Wan-li-Chang-Chiang,"  or  the  wall  10,000  li 
long,  is  without  doubt  the  most  stupendous  mon- 
ument ever  raised  by  human  hands.  Founded  by 
the  great  Emperor  Tsi-shih-hwang-ti,  in  the  third 
century  before  Christ,  as  a  defense  against  the 
fierce  Mongols  of  the  North  and  the  Tatar  tribes 
of  Central  Asia,  it  naturally  follows  that  a  work 
of  such  hoary  antiquity  must  have  been  repaired 
and  restored  again  and  again.  Slow  decay  and 
damaging  earthquakes,  and  the  erosive  action  of 
heat  and  storms,  were  inflicted  upon  it,  while  cen- 
tury after  century  dawned  and  died,  till  more  than 


40  THE   GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

two  thousand  years  had  rolled  over  its  ancient 
foundations. 

Beginning  near  Shan-hai-kwan,  two  hundred 
miles  east  of  Peking,  where  it  rises  out  of  the 
sea,  at  which  point  it  is  now  little  more  than  a 
heap  of  crumbling  ruins,  it  forms  the  eastern  wall 
of  the  city,  and  then  creeps  up  the  Liao-Hse  Moun- 
tains, running  along  the  highest  peak  of  this  rocky 
range.  It  follows  then  the  mountain  range  which 
circles  around  the  capital,  bridges  the  Nankow  Pass 
in  the  western  hills,  about  forty-five  miles  north- 
west of  the  city,  and,  continuing  westward,  crosses 
the  Yellow  Eiver,  near  Pow-teh,  and  again  at  a 
point  farther  on;  thence  winding  onward  through 
the  Snow  Mountains,  it  bends  southward,  and  then 
directly  northward  again,  through  the  province  of 
Khansoo,  to  Lake  Alak,  where  it  terminates,  a  dis- 
tance of  over  twelve  hundred  miles  in  a  straight 
line  from  the  starting  point  at  Shan-hai-kwan. 

North  of  Peking  a  ramification  runs  in  a  loop 
from  Yen-khing  up  into  the  bleak  Khingan  Moun- 
tains, and  thence  westward  to  the  Yellow  River, 
where  it  again  joins  the  parent  wall.  At  a  point 
one  hundred  miles  west  of  Peking,  another  offshoot 
runs  due  south  for  about  two  hundred  miles. 
These  tributaries  to  the  main  structure  are  of 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA.  41 


42  THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

more  recent  date,  and  originate,  it  is  said,  from 
the  seventh  century  A.  D.  The  entire  length  of 
the  main  wall,  its  chief  ramifications,  and  many 
lesser  ones,  is  probably  over  two  thousand  miles, 
and  the  whole  undertaking  is  said  to  have  been 
completed  in  ten  years. 

The  roadway,  which  at  the  point  we  had  reached 
is  two  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
passes  through  the  wall  by  the  Pa-ta-ling  gate. 
Above  the  arch  there  is  an  inscription  of  the  Ming 
dynasty,  the  present  structure  being  restored  in 
their  time  during  the  fifteenth  century.  Like 
the  Tatar  wall  of  Peking,  there  is,  or  was,  a  large 
enceinte,  through  which  a  second  gate  reenforced 
the  main  one.  This,  however,  is  of  earlier  origin, 
or  has  not  been  restored,  as  it  is  in  a  much  more 
ruined  condition,  while  the  main  structure  is  in  a 
very  fair  state  of  preservation. 

As  the  day  was  clear,  the  enormous  difficulties 
overcome  in  its  construction  could  plainly  be  seen, 
for  the  wall  does  not  pursue  a  straight  line  or 
take  the  easiest  course.  The  very  reverse  is  the 
case.  The  steepest  slopes,  the  verge  of  precipices, 
and  the  sharpest  ridges  were  sought  out,  and, 
to  increase  the  difficulties  of  attack,  it  doubles 
back  in  places  to  reach  another  rocky  peak,  and 


THE   GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA.  43 

runs  on  parallel  ridges,  until  at  some  points  its 
face  could  be  seen  in  four  successive  places  be- 
yond one  another  as  it  winds  over  the  hills  from 
the  point  on  which  we  stood.  Again  it  goes  miles 
out  of  the  straight  line  to  seek  some  inaccessible 
spot  instead  of  taking  the  shortest  route;  the  ob- 
ject of  making  it  as  impregnable  as  possible  being 
apparently  kept  ever  in  mind. 

The  wall  is  not  impressive  for  its  height  or 
breadth,  but  for  its  tremendous  length,  and  the 
difficulties  intentionally  encountered  and  overcome 
in  its  course.  Varying  in  height  from  twenty  to 
thirty  feet,  and  with  a  breadth  on  top  of  about 
fifteen  feet,  it  nevertheless  proved  an  impregnable 
barrier  when  lined  with  well-armed  troops  and 
archers. 

On  its  outer  face  it  is  loopholed  and  battle- 
mented  to  the  height  of  a  man,  and  has  a  lower 
parapet  on  the  Chinese  side.  There  is  a  roadway 
along  the  top  for  the  passage  of  troops,  for  which 
the  high  side  of  the  wall  serves  in  some  measure 
as  a  protection,  and  at  frequent,  irregular  inter- 
vals the  wall  is  surmounted  with  towers.  These 
towers  are  also  loopholed,  and  embrasured  for  the 
use  of  cannon,  of  which  latter  a  number  have  been 
found  on  the  wall,  showing  that  in  comparatively 


44  THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

modern  times  it  was  seriously  used  as  a  work 
of  defense.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  gun- 
powder is  claimed  to  have  been  known  to  the  Chi- 
nese long  before  its  use  was  discovered  in  the  west- 
ern hemisphere.  The  wall  in  parts  is  very  steep, 
and  in  one  place  where  an  unusually  precipitous 
peak  was  surmounted,  the  roadway  was  but  twenty 
degrees  from  the  vertical,  the  method  of  overcom- 
ing the  difficulty  in  this  case  being  by  means  of  a 
flight  of  steps. 

There  is  an  ancient  legend  to  the  effect  that 
when  the  wall  was  being  built,  and  near  comple- 
tion, the  Tatars  organized  an  invasion  at  the  spot 
as  yet  uncovered  by  the  wall.  The  Chinese  heard 
of  it,  and  pressed  the  work  forward  with  all  pos- 
sible haste,  but  failed  to  make  connection  before 
night  began  to  fall,  while  the  enemy  was  already 
near  at  hand.  The  Emperor,  seeing  inevitable 
defeat  confronting  him,  and  at  a  loss  for  an  ex- 
pedient to  avoid  it,  at  last  bethought  him  to  com- 
mand the  sun  to  stand  still  in  its  course;  this 
the  sun  complaisantly  did  for  the  space  of  three 
days  until  the  wall  was  completed,  whereupon  the 
Emperor  graciously  permitted  it  to  set. 

The  Tatars  arrived  shortly  afterward,  but 
found  to  their  dismay  that  the  fortification  was 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 


45 


«  60 

=8  5 


46  THE   GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA. 

finished.  Despairing  of  making  any  headway 
against  so  formidable  an  obstacle,  they  abandoned 
the  enterprise  and  returned  home. 

The  legend  also  adds  that  the  laborers  became 
weary  and  heavy-eyed  on  that  long  day,  and  many 
fell  asleep  at  their  work.  The  Emperor,  as  a 
warning  and  example  to  others,  commanded  that 
they  should  not  be  disturbed,  but  walled  in  where 
they  slept,  and  to  this  day  the  guides  point  out 
strange  cavities  in  the  ruins  which  they  exhibit 
as  conclusive  proof  of  the  veracity  of  this  state- 
ment. 

It  was  late  in  the  day  when  we  started  back 
to  Nankow,  and  the  afternoon  lights  on  the  hills 
gave  an  entirely  different  beauty  to  their  rugged- 
ness  and  corrugations,  showing  up  points  and  val- 
leys which  in  the  intense  morning  sun  had  seemed 
flat  and  colorless.  There  is  something,  too,  about 
the  soft  atmosphere  of  early  morning  and  evening 
in  any  country  which  lends  a  charm  which  is  en- 
tirely lost  in  the  glaring  hours  which  precede  and 
follow  the  noonday  hour.  I  noted  before  leaving 
how  the  sun,  already  long  past  the  meridian,  had 
given  a  beauty,  which  a  few  hours  ago  it  did  not 
possess,  to  the  ancient  fortification  itself.  Then  it 
appeared  much  like  the  hills,  until  finally  it 


THE  GREAT  WALL  OF  CHINA.  47 

merged  into  them  in  the  distance.  But  now,  the 
sinking  sun,  throwing  one  side  into  deep  shadow 
and  the  other  into  brilliant  light,  caused  it  to 
stand  out  strong  and  bold,  a  curving,  twisting 
mark  over  the  landscape  as  far  as  the  eye  could 
reach.  That  last  look  was  a  thing  never  to  be 
forgotten,  and  the  marvelous  fascination  of  the 
iscene,  as  I  gazed  across  that  ancient  historic 
ground,  will  remain  ever  in  my  memory. 


Making  a  Great  Newspaper 


To  attempt  to  give  a  complete  account,  within 
the  space  of  a  short  article,  of  the  work  involved 
in  issuing  a  great  newspaper  would  be  absolutely 
impossible,  but  perhaps  we  can  "  cover  "  the  sub- 
ject well  enough  to  bring  out  the  more  important 
points. 

The  comparison  of  a  publishing  headquarters 
with  a  manufacturing  plant  is  not  new,  but  it  is 
apt  enough  to  bear  repetition.  Here  are  executive 
and  business  offices,  a  counting-room,  managers, 
salesmen,  raw  materials,  and  machinery  for  man- 
ufacturing the  goods.  The  raw  materials  are  the 
white  paper,  the  news,  the  brains  .of  the  writers 
and  artists;  and  the  combination  of  the  first  with 
the  others,  which  is  effected  by  means  of  printers' 
ink,  furnishes  the  finished  article  that  is  to  be 
placed  on  sale.  The  largest  factory,  even  at  its 
busiest  time,  can  not  present  a  scene  of  greater 
activity  than  the  home  of  a  newspaper. 

In  deference  to  the  old  days,  we  will  take  up 

the   editorial    department   first,    although   to-day 
49 


50  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

it  is  by  no  means  the  most  important.  The  per- 
sonality of  an  editor  still  has  an  influence  upon 
the  popularity  of  his  paper,  but  it  is  in  an  alto- 
gether different  way  from  of  old,  and  depends 
upon  his  commercial  instinct  rather  than  upon 
his  literary  ability. 

The  editorial  staff  of  a  modern  newspaper  con- 
sists of  a  managing  editor,  who  has  general  super- 
vision; a  city  editor,  in  charge_  of  local  news; 
telegraph,  cable,  exchange,  and  various  other  edi- 
tors, the  importance  of  the  individual  chiefs  de- 
pending upon  the  policy  of  the  particular  publica- 
tion. The  city  editor  is  a  very  important  person- 
age, for  he  it  is  who  gives  assignments  to  the  re- 
porters, and  decides  upon  the  value  of  the  "  sto- 
ries "  they  bring  in.  He  is  a  very  arbitrary  gen- 
tleman, and  if  he  who  believes  that  a  reporter's 
life  is  one  of  interesting  Bohemianism  and  com- 
parative ease  will  spend  an  afternoon  and  eve- 
ning in  the  "  city  'room,"  he  will  be  speedily  dis- 
abused of  the  idea. 

The  opportunities  for  distinguishing  themselves 
do  not  come  to  reporters  to-day  as  frequently  as 
they  formerly  did.  The  Associated  Press,  to  which 
most  of  the  principal  newspapers,  and  many  of  the 
smaller  ones,  belong,  is  a  well-established  news 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 


51 


52  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

bureau  with  branches  over  the  whole  world,  sup- 
plying both  local  and  foreign  items  to  the  papers, 
in  somewhat  condensed  form,  but  containing  all 
the  facts.  These  reports  are  colorless,  however, 
and  less  than  half  the  news  that  appears  in  the 
paper  consists  in  the  items  themselves.  It  is  in 
their  presentation  that  the  editors  show  their  indi- 
vidual ideas — in  the  headlines  and  in  the  con- 
densing or  spreading,  emphasizing  or  slurring,  of 
the  information  contained  in  the  "  flimsy."  This 
name,  by  which  the  Associated  Press  reports  are 
known,  is  derived  from  the  thin  paper  upon  which 
they  are  typewritten.  Each  newspaper  of  impor- 
tance has  its  telegraph  room,  and  all  taking  a  cer- 
tain class  of  service  from  the  news  bureau — 
"  full "  or  "  part  "  as  the  case  may  be — are  upon 
the  same  circuit  and  receive  the  information  sim- 
ultaneously. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  this  arrangement 
for  the  general  dissemination  of  news  stifles  com- 
petition between  the  members  subscribing  to  the 
Associated  Press.  It  merely  assures  all  the  mem- 
bers that  they  will  receive  the  same  general  news 
items  as  their  competitors  and  serves  to  reduce  the 
reportorial  staff.  Almost  all  important  dailies 
have  correspondents  at  the  news  centers — thje  for- 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER.  53 


Setting  Type  by  Machine. 


eign  capitals,  Washington,  the  capitals  of  the 
States  where  they  circulate,  and  in  various  other 
places,  who  are  constantly  on  the  lookout  for 
"  beats/'  The  local  field,  too,  is  always  well  cov- 


54  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

ered,  although  here  the  papers  sometimes  enter 
into  agreements  as  to  certain  classes  of  news,  one 
reporter,  for  instance,  reporting  all  police  news 
for  several  papers. 

The  policy  of  a  paper,  on  many  points,  is  de- 
cided by  the  advertising  and  circulation  managers, 
the  first  occupying  the  more  important  position 
and  usually  having  the  last  word.  While  it  is  the 
circulation  that  governs  the  price  and  the  quantity 
of  the  advertising,  the  actual  amount  received 
from  the  sale  of  the  papers,  however  great  it  may 
be,  rarely  pays  the  running  expenses  of  the  publi- 
cation. This  fact  can  be  appreciated  when  we 
learn  that  more  than  one  daily  in  New  York  City 
uses  over  400,000  miles  of  white  paper  in  the 
course  of  a  year,  paying  something  like  $700,000 
for  it,  and  the  annual  running  expenses  of  such  a 
newspaper  approximate  two  and  a  half  million  dol- 
lars. One  employs  a  regular  force  of  over  thirteen 
hundred  people.  A  little  figuring  will  show  the 
number  of  copies  that  must  be  sold  in  order  to 
secure  this  amount. 

The  income  from  the  sale  of  advertising  space 
not  only  supplies  the  shortage  in  the  circulation 
department,  but  makes  up  the  profit  of  the  paper. 

The  circulation  manager,  nevertheless,  fills  a 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 


55 


56  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

very  important  position,  and  his  ingenuity  is  won- 
derful. He  is  constantly  studying  the  conditions 
in  the  sections  reached  by  the  publication  and,  like 
a  good  general,  planning  advances,  retreats,  sor- 
ties, and  sieges.  In  most  of  these  plans  he  has 
the  assistance  and  good-will  of  the  advertising 
manager,  but  the  Sunday  paper  has  come  to  be 
a  source  of  disagreement  between  these  two  offi- 
cers. The  head  of  the  circulation  department  is 
in  favor  of  constant  improvement  -here,  while  the 
advertising  manager  realizes  that  these  volumi- 
nous editions,  which  are  read  at  leisure  by  the 
masses  and  the  purchasing  public,  are  beginning 
to  draw  from  the  advertising  columns  of  the  daily 
editions,  and  must  result,  in  the  long  run,  in  a 
loss  to  his  department.  As  a  matter  of  course, 
therefore,  he  is  in  favor  of  reducing  the  size  and 
importance  of  the  Sunday  editions,  or,  in  any 
event,  of  not  increasing  them. 

It  is  the  mechanical  or  manufacturing  depart- 
ment that  offers  the  most  interest  to  the  general 
reader,  because  it  is  here  that  "the  wheels  go 
round."  Here  the  white  paper  is  delivered  in 
great  rolls,  unrolled  and  rolled  again  on  cylinders 
fitted  to  the  immense  presses,  many  of  which  can 
turn  out  72,000  cut,  pasted  and  folded  eight-page 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER.  57 


58  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

papers  an  hour.  In  one  room  are  the  typesetters, 
some  standing  before  old-fashioned  frames  and 
setting  by  hand,  but  most  of  them,  in  these  days, 
seated  at  linotypes,  those  marvelous  machines 
which  make  and  set  the  type  at  once.  These  ma- 
chines resemble  a  typewriter  in  a  general  way, 
are  operated  in  much  the  same  fashion,  and  with 
one  of  them  a  good  operator  can  do  the  work  of 
six  men. 

Of  course  in  modern  newspaper  plants  type  is 
very  rarely  used  on  the  presses,  so  there  is  another 
room  for  the  electrotypers,  who  prepare  the  plates 
from  the  forms  as  they  are  made  up. 

In  another  part  of  the  building  the  artists  are 
at  work,  preparing  their  drawings  for  the  engrav- 
ers; and  in  his  own  compartment  a  photogra- 
pher is  kept  busy  reproducing  pictures  taken  by 
the  reporters  or  photographers  accompanying 
them. 

When  the  "  copy  "  is  set,  no  time  is  lost  in  send- 
ing impressions  to  the  proof-readers,  who  correct 
them  with  astonishing  rapidity  and  precision.  If 
we  consider  for  a  moment  the  immense  amount 
of  matter  that  passes  through  their  hands  in  a 
day,  we  will  be  more  lenient  in  criticizing  them 
for  the  errors  that  creep  into  print. 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 


59 


Once  the  paper  is  made  up  and  the  forms  are 
put  on  the  presses,  the  run  begins.  In  a  very  short 
time  thousands  of  copies  are  pouring  into  the  mail- 
ing-room. Here  the  various  sections  are  gathered 


The  Artist  who  Draws  the  Pictures. 


60  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

together,  packed  in  bundles,  and  hurried  to  the 
wagons  standing  ready  to  carry  them  over  cer- 
tain routes,  to  the  post  office  and  to  the  trains, 
while  others  are  sent  to  the  delivery  room,  outside 
of  which  a  rollicking,  noisy,  hustling  crowd  of 
newsdealers  awaits  them. 

In  the  large  cities  it  is  the  custom  for  news- 
papers of  wide  circulation  to  charter  cars,  which 
carry  the  publications  to  the  north,  south,  east, 
and  west.  The  train  going  south  from  New  York 
runs  as  a  special  to  Philadelphia,  a  mile  a  minute 
being  quite  an  ordinary  speed  for  it,  and  is  then 
attached  to  another  fast  train  which  carries  it  on 
its  way  to  the  other  cities.  By  this  arrangement  it 
is  possible  for  readers  of  each  paper  within  a 
radius  of  two  or  three  hundred  miles  to  receive  it 
almost  as  soon  as  the  local  buyers.  This,  of  course, 
is  true  only  of  the  morning  edition,  and  possibly 
one  of  the  evening  editions — of  the  latter  there 
are  so  many  "  extras  "  issued  that  the  roads  would 
be  kept  busy  carrying  newspapers  were  all  to  be 
treated  in  the  same  way.  During  the  recent  war 
with  Spain,  for  instance,  one  evening  paper  re- 
peatedly issued  as  many  as  forty  editions  in  a 
day,  and  each  of  these  presented  a  different  ap- 
pearance, although  the  matter  was  nearly  the  same 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 


61 


62  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

with  the  exception  of  some  small  paragraph  or 
article  considered  of  special  importance. 

In  addition  to  wagons,  the  important  metropoli- 
tan papers  have  pressed  automobiles  into  service. 
A  wagon  or  automobile,  driven  at  a  high  rate  of 
speed,  stops  at  ten  or  twelve  established  stations 
on  its  route,  to  sell  at  wholesale,  and  for  cash, 
to  the  newsboys  and  dealers  who  have  gathered 
in  anticipation  of  its  arrival.  Usually  the  sta- 
tions of  all  the  papers  are  at  about  the  same 
points,  and  there  is  great  rivalry  between  the  driv- 
ers in  endeavoring  to  reach  these  points  first,  on 
account  of  the  prestige  this  gives  a  newspaper  with 
the  dealers  and  the  benefit  that  will  be  derived  if 
it  is  upon  the  street  even  a  minute  before  the 
others.  It  may  seem  an  exaggeration,  but  it  actu- 
ally is  a  fact  that  a  minute's  delay  at  some  impor- 
tant point  may  mean  a  loss  in  sales  of  from  one 
to  five  thousand  copies 

In  times  of  a  great  crisis  newspapers  are  put  to 
greatly  increased  expense,  and  an  authority  upon 
the  subject  has  said  that  every  large  daily  in  New 
York,  instead  of  being  benefited  by  increased  sales, 
actually  lost  money  as  a  result  of  our  war  with 
Spain.  One  newspaper  had  in  its  service  ten  sea- 
going vessels  during  this  time,  and  its  daily  pay- 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER.  63 


The  Electrotyper,  taking  the  Copper  Shell  from  the  Mold. 

roll  was  increased  by  three  thousand  dollars.  The 
bravery  of  correspondents  during  war-time  is  too 
well  known  to  need  comment  here.  Not  only  did 


64  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

they  risk  their   lives   in  gathering  news,  but  at 
times  took  important  part  in  the  fighting. 

The  duty  of  an  editor  to-day  is  to  gather  the 
news  and  present  it  to  the  people  in  as  attractive 
a  form  as  possible,  to  do  it  quickly  and  with  the 
least  possible  offense  to  all  his  readers.  To  accom- 
plish this  it  is  necessary  to  have  an  editorial  staff 
familiar  with  the  wants  of  their  readers  and  capa- 
ble of  effacing  themselves  in  the  attitude  assumed 
in  their  editorials.  It  is  regrettable  that  many  go 
to  an  extreme  and  believe  that  they  must  present 
to  the  people  exactly  what  they  want  and  in  the 
form  they  want  it. 

The  latest  improvements  in  machinery,  the  most 
modern  means  of  transportation,  and  every  time- 
saving  device  must  be  employed,  and  at  the  same 
time  the  staff  must  see  to  it  that  the  proper  im- 
portance is  given  to  the  various  topics.  Unfor- 
tunately this  leads  to  bias  on  the  part  of  different 
organs.  A  Republican  paper,  for  instance,  is 
likely  to  give  a  paragraph  to  a  piece  of  political 
news  to  which  a  Democratic  organ  will  give  a  col- 
umn— though  each  has  received  exactly  the  same 
telegram  from  the  Associated  Press. 

This  brings  to  mind  another  great  item  of  ex- 
pense— telegraphing  and  cabling.  Although  spe- 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 


65 


The  "Finisher,"  who  gives  the  final  touches  to  the 
Electrotype  Plates. 


cial  rates  are  given  to  press  matter  during  certain 
hours,  and  although  the  more  important  papers 
have  their  own  leased  wires,  $100,000  a  year  is 


60  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

about  the  average  expenditure  for  these  purposes 
by  the  newspaper  of  which  we  have  been  treat- 
ing. 

The  bias  evident  in  the  articles  of  the  various 
organs  is  one  of  the  arguments  used  by  an  able 
writer  in  favor  of  an  international  newspaper, 
which  would  tell  the  news  with  absolute  fidelity* 
to  truth  and  without  prejudice  to  any  party.  His 
arguments  seem  to  be  very  sound,  and  he  may  be 
right  in  believing  that  there  is  a  field  for  such  a 
publication. 

The  publishing  of  a  magazine  differs  somewhat 
from  that  of  a  newspaper,  because  the  problem 
presented  to  the  editor  is  a  different  one.  In  a 
general  way  the  organization,  staff,  and  mechani- 
cal departments  are  similar.  In  a  general  way  the 
same  problems  are  presented  to  the  circulation 
and  advertising  departments,  but  the  editor  faces 
quite  a  different  condition  from  that  which  is  pre- 
sented to  the  newspaper  editor.  To  the  latter 
the  news  itself  is  a  colaborer — all  the  news.  He 
must  gather  this,  it  is  true,  but  once  he  has  gath- 
ered it  he  has  secured  the  strongest  possible  aid 
to  success.  There  are  no  tastes  to  be  suited;  and 
the  news  is  a  tangible,  positive  thing  that  can  be 
gotten  if  the  proper  effort  is  made.  Moreover, 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 


68  MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER. 

the  circulation  of  a  paper  is  local  compared  with 
that  of  a  magazine. 

The  latter  has  to  cover  the  whole  country,  and 
Canada  as  well.  In  this  vast  area  there  are  peo- 
ple of  every  variety  of  taste,  and  all,  or  a  very 
large  number,  must  be  suited  if  the  publication 
is  to  be  successful.  News  is  of  little  benefit  to 
the  magazine  editor,  because  his  readers  will  have 
read  it  long  before  the  magazine  reaches  them. 
Any  personage  treated  of  in  a  monthly  publica- 
tion must  be  of  national  importance.  Thus  the 
field  is  a  narrow  one;  and  the  short  story,  the 
serial  story,  special  articles,  and  illustrations  are 
the  only  means  available  to  the  editor.  In  his 
selections  he  must  in  the  beginning  decide  whether 
he  is  to  please  his  readers  or  to  make  up  the 
magazine  to  please  himself,  trusting  that  his  judg- 
ment will  be  approved  by  a  sufficient  number. 
Both  ways  have  proven  effective,  so  that  the  liter- 
ary or  artistic  value  of  the  subjects  chosen,  the 
matter  itself,  and  the  skill  used  in  selecting  it, 
must  form  the  plea  upon  which  the  editor  goes 
before  the  people. 

Authorities  are  almost  unanimous  in  claiming 
that  illustrations  are  the  most  powerful  aid  to 
the  magazine  editor,  because  of  his  ability  to  offer 


MAKING  A  GREAT  NEWSPAPER.  69 

work  far  superior  to  that  presented  by  the  news- 
papers. The  paper  used  in  the  publication  and 
the  time  available  for  printing  it  are  the  strongest 
factors  in  this  result.  Most  publishers  are  of  the 
opinion  that  the  regular  magazine  page  gives  suf- 
ficient scope  for  artistic  work,  but  in  our  opinion 
the  larger  the  page,  the  greater  the  opportunity  for 
the  reproduction  of  worthy  and  artistic  illustra- 
tions. 


Rookwood   Pottery 

CROWNING  Mt.  Adams,  one  of  the  picturesque 
hills  of  Cincinnati,  there  is  a  factory  that  is  not 
a  factory,  a  workshop  built  with  as  much  attention 
to  beauty  as  to  utility,  an  ideal  establishment,  and 
owing  its  origin  to  the  enthusiasm  of  American 
women. 

It  was  a  woman  who  was  largely  influential  in 
the  making  of  Capo  di  Monti  porcelain;  a  woman 
was  responsible  for  the  creation  of  the  faience  of 
Oiron ;  the  women  of  Cincinnati  gave  the  first  im- 
petus to  the  production  of  art  pottery  in  America 
— and  a  woman  founded  Eookwood  pottery. 

As  far  back  as  1659  we  hear  of  potteries  in  the 
American  colonies  for  the  making  of  tiles,  bricks, 
and  the  coarser  kinds  of  stoneware.  In  New  York 
in  1740  there  were  several  establishments  for  the 
production  of  earthenware  dishes.  In  1770, 
crude  specimens  of  porcelain  were  made  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

Little  attention  had  been  paid  by  the  outside 
world  to  the  efforts  of  the  colonists  in  this  direc- 
tion, but  one  man  saw  the  trend  of  events.  Josiah 
71 


72  ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 

Wedgwood,  the  famous  potter  of  the  mother  coun- 
try, gave  voice  to  his  fears  that  the  Americans 
would,  before  a  great  while,  prove  important  rivals 
to  those  who  had  long  been  interested  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  ancient  ware.  "  They  have  every 
material  there,"  said  he,  "  equal,  if  not  superior 
to  our  own  for  its  manufacture." 

His  words  were  prophetic,  for  by  1875  the  in- 
dustry had  grown  to  such  proportions  that  the 
English  manufacturers  had  recourse  to  every 
means  to  kill  a  competition  that  was  ruinous  to 
their  trade  in  America.  Their  efforts  were  not 
successful,  however.  To-day  there  are  in  this  coun- 
try more  than  nine  hundred  potteries,  producing 
not  only  the  coarse  wares,  but  many  of  the  finer 
grades.  It  is  with  the  latter,  or  rather  with  one 
special  style  of  it,  that  we  are  concerned  at  present. 

In  the  summer  of  1874  Mr.  Benn  Pitman,  in- 
structor in  the  Cincinnati  School  of  Design,  started 
a  class  of  china  painting  for  women,  and  so  popu- 
lar did  this  class  become  that  in  1875  a  number 
of  excellently  executed  pieces  were  exhibited  at  an 
"  International  Entertainment  "  in  that  city.  The 
work  was  all  "over-glaze,"  that  is  to  say,  the  ar- 
ticles were  fired,  glazed,  painted,  and  then  enam- 
eled again. 


ROOKWOOD   POTTERY.  73 

So  great  was  the  interest  taken  in  the  art, 
however,  that  many  of  the  students  sought  new 
nVds  to  conquer.  One  of  them,  Miss  M.  Louise 
McLaughlin,  whose  name  is  now  identified  with 


Form  Making — Finishing. 

American  pottery,  began  experimenting  with  a 
view  to  discovering  the  secret  of  Limoges  faience. 
In  1878  she  produced  her  first  successful  piece  of 
blue  under-glaze  white  ware. 

Months  of  labor  and  considerable  money  were 
spent  before  success  was  attained,  but  when  it  was 


74  ROOKWOOD   POTTERY. 

achieved  Miss  McLaughlin  had  the  satisfaction 
of  knowing  that  she  had  outstripped  the  experi- 
menters of  Europe,  who  had  long  sought  the  same 
secret. 

In  1879  two  kilns  for  decorative  pottery  were 
erected  in  Cincinnati,  and  the  money  for  building 
them  was  supplied  by  women  interested  in  the 
art,  who  had  heretofore  been  dependent  upon  the 
kilns  adapted  for  ordinary  work. 

In  this  same  year  a  women's  pottery  club  was 
organized  in  that  city,  and  each  of  the  members 
gave  her  attention  to  some  special  branch  of  the 
craft,  with  a  view  to  stamping  each  with  individ- 
uality and  character. 

In  1880  Mrs.  Maria  Longworth  Storer,  an  en- 
thusiast upon  the  subject,  built  a  pottery,  naming 
it  "  Rookwood,"  after  her  father's  estate,  and  this 
pottery,  in  which  Mrs.  Storer  was  herself  the  chief 
worker  and  artist,  though  others  were  associated 
with  her,  was  destined  to  create  a  new  and  distinc- 
tively American  style  of  decorative  work. 

The  idea  of  the  founder  was  to  produce  with  our 
native  clay  a  new  pottery,  original  and  different 
from  the  others,  by  applying  color  decoration  in 
the  material  itself  before  firing,  and  then  to  pro- 
tect and  enrich  this  with  appropriate  glazes. 


ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 


75 


76  ROOKWOOD   POTTERY. 

Xot  imitating  others,  but  starting  out  as  pio- 
neers, the  little  band  of  enthusiasts  had  to  work 
out  their  own  processes  and  their  own  style.  They 
did  not  call  upon  the  aid  of  foreign  decorators, 
but  gathered  about  them  American  artists,  and, 
working  only  with  American  clays,  eventually  suc- 
ceeded in  evolving  a  new  decorative  medium,  a  new 
technique,  and  a  new  style. 

The  native  clays  from  the  start  inclined  the 
color  quality  toward  yellows,  browns,  and  reds,  and 
the  decorative  medium  lent  itself  to  a  rather  luxu- 
riant style  of  ornament  in  rich  arrangements  of 
warm  color,  all  of  which  the  transparent  glazes 
merge  in  deep,  mellow  tones. 

The  distinctiveness  of  Eookwood  pottery  is  due, 
in  great  degree,  to  the  fact  that  the  color  is  al- 
ways applied  to  the  moist  clay — a  method  that  is 
very  expensive,  and  seldom  followed  in  other  fac- 
tories. As  already  indicated,  however,  this  factory 
is  not  managed  upon  the  lines  usually  followed 
in  manufacturing  plants.  Art,  not  cheapness,  is 
its  aim.  Printing  patterns  and  duplicates  are  un- 
known. A  spirit  of  freedom  and  comfort  is  fos- 
tered, and  the  workmen  and  artists  are  deeply 
interested  in  their  work.  Each  piece  of  pottery 
produced  there  has  an  artistic  value,  expresses  the 


ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 


77 


78  ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 

unfettered  idea  of  an  artist,  and  is  sent  out  into 
the  world  with  the  hope  that  it  will  in  some  degree 
merit  the  title  of  "  a  work  of  art."  If  it  is  to 
do  so,  it  must  not  only  seem  beautiful  to  the  pro- 
ducer, but  must  arouse  in  others  the  feeling  of 
pleasure  and  appreciation  that  can  only  be  awak- 
ened by  a  really  beautiful  creation. 

The  method  employed  in  a  factory,  as  a  rule,  is 
to  reduce  the  cost  of  an  article  by  every  known 
means,  and  then  by  constant  reproduction  cheapen 
it  still  more.  Granted,  under  such  conditions,  that 
the  original  conception  was  truly  artistic  and  in- 
spiring, much  is  lost  if  the  piece  is  repeated  over 
and  over  again,  losing  at  each  repetition  some  of 
the  originality  and  power  that  belonged  to  the  con- 
ception and  the  first  example.  Moreover,  there 
is  an  additional  value — romantic,  if  you  will, 
but  real,  nevertheless — placed  by  its  owner  upon 
an  article  that  is  unique. 

To  be  exact,  perhaps  Kookwood  should  be  called 
a  guild  rather  than  a  factory.  Its  decorators  com- 
prise both  men  and  women,  but  the  latter  greatly 
predominate.  The  source  from  which  they  are 
generally  recruited  is  the  Art  Academy  of  Cincin- 
nati, and  while  the  amounts  paid  for  their  serv- 
ices are  as  large  as  possible,  there  are  many  not 


ROOKWOOD   POTTERY. 


80  ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 

dependent  upon  this  payment,  who  take  up  the 
work  for  very  love  of  it. 

'The  building  itself  is  low,  rambling,  tile-roofed, 
of  picturesque  design,  and  situated  upon  the  brow 
of  the  hill,  in  the  midst  of  a  garden  reminiscent 
of  an  English  manor.  The  masonry  is  rustic  in 
effect  and  the  timber  is  stained. 

The  routine  of  work  is  practically  the  same  as 
in  any  other  pottery.  It  is  in  the  design  and  the 
coloring  that  Eookwood  excels.  When  the  clay  is 
first  received  it  is  dumped  into  bins  in  the  base- 
ment. From  there  it  is  taken,  as  needed,  and  put 
through  the  grinders,  thoroughly  pulverized,  and 
then  brought  to  the  clay  room  which  adjoins  that 
devoted  to  the  kilns.  Here  it  is  worked  into  a 
plastic  state,  and  molded  or  modeled,  ready  for 
firing.  If  it  is  to  be  "  thrown  "  or  molded,  the 
potter  tosses  a  lump  of  clay  on  the  disk  before 
him  and  sets  it  in  motion.  Faster  and  faster  whirls 
the  disk,  and  the  revolving  clay,  guided  by  the 
skilled  hand  of  the  potter,  rapidly  assumes  lines 
of  beauty.  To  the  onlooker  it  seems  like  magic, 
for  the  man's  only  tools  are  his  hands  and  possibly 
a  small  pearl  implement,  yet  in  a  wonderfully 
short  space  of  time  the  wheel  is  stopped  and  the 
beautiful  form  is  finished. 


ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 


81 


Kiln  Placing. 

If  uniformity  of  size  is  desired  a  mold  is  used. 
This  form  is  made  of  plaster  of  Paris,  which  ab- 
sorbs moisture,  and  is  in  two  parts,  with  the  top 
opon.  It  is  fitted  into  a  metal  contrivance  called 
the  "  jigger  head,"  which  takes  the  place  of  the 


82  ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 

disk  on  the  spindle.  The  plastic  clay  has  been 
carefully  pressed  into  the  mold,  the  wheel  is  set  in 
motion — not  so  rapidly  as  before — for  a  moment 
the  potter's  hands  are  busy  giving  deft  touches  to 
the  clay,  then  the  wheel  stops,  and  behold  the  vase, 
or  pitcher,  or  whatever  it  may  be,  is  removed  from 
the  mold,  the  seams  are  smoothed  with  a  damp 
cloth,  and  the  article  is  ready  for  the  drying-room  ! 

If  the  piece  is  to  be  decorated  it  first  passes  into 
the  hands  of  an  artist  who,  as  we  have  seen,  applies 
his  colors  to  the  clay  while  it  is  still  moist.  From 
the  drying  room  it  passes  to  the  kiln  for  the  first 
firing.  When  the  kilns  are  filled  they  are  closed, 
hermetically  sealed,  and  the  fires  lighted.  They 
are  permitted  to  burn  for  the  proper  length  of 
time,  and  are  then  drawn;  the  kiln  is  allowed  to 
cool,  and  its  contents,  now  known  as  "  biscuit," 
are  stored  in  a  room  set  apart  for  that  purpose. 
After  this  comes  the  glazing,  another  stay  in  the 
drying-room,  and  then  the  final  firing. 

Each  artist  is  provided  with  a  separate  studio 
and,  comfortably  housed,  amid  the  pleasantest  and 
most  cheerful  surroundings,  without  the  bustle 
that  usually  characterizes  a  manufacturing  plant, 
all  are  in  a  position  to  conceive  and  execute  admir- 
able designs. 


ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 


83 


84 


ROOKWOOD  POTTERY. 


ROOKWOOD  POTTERY.  85 

It  is  upon  the  American  character  of  Rookwood 
that  we  wish  to  lay  particular  stress.  Not  an 
ounce  of  foreign  clay  is  used.  The  pastes,  of  what- 
ever kind,  are  composed  of  American  clay,  most  of 
it  from  the  Ohio  valley. 

There  are  eight  types  of  Eookwood  pottery,  but 
space  will  not  permit  the  description  of  more  than 
three.  The  "  Standard  "  is  the  name  given  to  the 
type  first  produced.  Its  tones  are  low,  usually 
yellow,  red,  and  brown  in  color,  characterized  by 
luxuriant  painting  in  warm  colors  under  a  brilliant 
glaze.  The  range  of  coloring  is  from  a  rather 
light  golden  to  deep  brown  and  green  combinations. 

"  Iris  "  is  a  light  type  with  tender  and  suggest- 
ive coloring  under  a  brilliant  white  glaze.  In  this 
variety  the  range  of  color  is  practically  unlimited. 

"  Vellum  ware  "  is  a  mat  glaze,  and  is  a  radical 
departure  from  any  previously  known  types.  It  is 
refined  in  texture  and  color.  Without  luster,  yet 
not  dry,  it  suggests  both  to  the  touch  and  the  sight 
the  qualities  of  old  vellum,  and,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  other  mat  glazes,  retains  for  the  artist  all 
the  decorative  qualities  attainable  under  the  bril- 
liant glaze. 

The  very  latest  departure  at  Eookwood  is  the 
manufacture  of  architectural  faience,  in  which, 


ROOKWOOD   POTTERY. 


Garden  Pots  and  Jardinieres. 


ROOKWOOD   POTTERY. 


87 


architects  say,  there  is  a  great  future  for  the  pot- 
tery because  in  it,  as  in  all  its  other  work,  it  is  evi- 
dent that  art  is  placed  above  every  other  consid- 
eration. Even  the  first  efforts  in  this  direction, 


Rookwood  Faience  Mantel. 

though  not  up  to  its  usual  standard,  were  wel- 
comed by  architects ;  and  the  later  work  has  shown 
great  improvement  in  the  design  and  selection  of 
subjects,  both  of  which  are  characterized  by  free- 
dom and  originality.  A  special  feature  of  the  work 


88 


ROOKWOOD    POTTERY. 


I 

» 

I 


ROOKWOOD   POTTERY.  89 

is  the  attention  paid  to  the  appearance  of  the  com- 
plete dcskn,  such  care  being  taken  with  the  tiles, 
for  instance,  that  the  joints  are  scarcely  percep- 
tible. With  Rookwood  tiles  one  never  sees  the 
cast  iron  effect  that  is  so  disagreeably  evident  in 
much  of  this  kind  of  work. 

It  is  no  wonder,  considering  the  method  upon 
which  the  factory  is  managed,  the  preservation  of 
the  artistic  ideal,  the  patriotism  that  suggested 
and  has  maintained  the  American  character  it 
bears,  that  Rookwood  is  fast  becoming  a  house- 
hold word,  almost  as  familiar  as  Limoges,  Sevres, 
or  any  of  the  other  famous  names  dear  to  the 
lover  of  art. 

The  women  of  America,  and  those  of  Cincinnati 
in  particular,  are  to  be  congratulated  for  the  long, 
painstaking,  and  unselfish  efforts  that  have  re- 
sulted in  the  creation  of  a  decorative  pottery  that  is 
as  distinctively  American  as  it  is  artistic. 


Illustrated  from  stereographs,  copyright  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.Y. 


"  THE  marvel  of  the  New  World,  America's 
wonderland !  "  What  more  fitting  phrase  to  de- 
scribe the  beautiful  Yellowstone,  the  pride  of  the 
States,  and  the  crown  of  all  our  brilliant  national 
scenery  ?  Yet  even  this  seems  inadequate. 

It  was  in  1872  that  Congress  set  aside  the  beau- 
tiful Yellowstone  National  Park  as  a  place  of 
pleasure  for  the  public.  It  is  a  bit  of  property, 
rectangular  in  shape,  sixty-two  miles  from  north 
to  south  and  fifty-four  miles  wide.  Situated  on  the 
"  Great  Divide,"  its  pine-clad  mountains  form  the 
gathering  ground  for  the  head  waters  of  large 
rivers  flowing  away  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans,  and  for  the  sake  of  the  rainfall  and  the 
rivers  its  forests  are  carefully  preserved.  Two 
troops  of  cavalry  are  quartered  in  the  Park  to  pro- 
tect its  woods  and  wild  animals  and  to  act  as 
police.  WThen  Congress  dedicated  it  to  be  a  "  pub- 
lic pleasure-ground  forever "  it  provided  against 
the  wanton  destruction  of  fish  and  game,  and  as  a 
91 


92   THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD. 


Northeast  down  the  Canon  from  Inspiration  Point. 

happy  result  of  this  enactment  several  hundred 
bison  and  some  thousands  of  elk  and  Rocky  Moun- 
tain sheep,  etc.,  have  found  a  refuge  within  its 
boundaries. 

There  has  been  some  doubt  as  to  the  origin  of 
the  name  "  Yellowstone,"  but  it  has  been  ascribed 
finally  to  the  Indians  who  dwelt  along  the  Yellow- 


THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD.   93 

stone  and  Upper  Missouri  rivers,  and  who  had  a 
name  for  the  tributary  stream,  signifying  "  yellow 
rock."  The  Grand  Canon  of  the  Yellowstone  is 
conspicuous  for  the  coloring  of  its  rocks — in  which 
yellow  is  so  prevalent  as  to  attract  attention.  The 
Indian  words  are  "  Mi  tsi  a-da-zi "  (rock  yellow 
river).  It  is  supposed  that  the  French  trappers 


Beautifully  variegated  coloring  on  Mound  Terrace, 
Mammoth  Hot  Springs. 


94   THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD. 


Southeast  down  the  Canon  from  Poiiit  Lookout. 

and  traders  accepted  their  signification  and  called 
the  river  Roche  Jdune  or  Pierre  Jaune.  This  ap- 
pellation would  probably  have  been  adopted  had 
not  the  United  States,  having  just  acquired  Loui- 
siana, deemed  it  fitting  to  give  English  titles  to  the 
more  prominent  geographical  features  of  the  coun- 
try. Every  one  is  aware  that  this  spot  is  remark- 
able not  only  for  its  scenery,  the  most  picturesque 


THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD.   95 

in  the  world,  but  also  for  its  famous  hot  springs 
and  geysers.  Of  the  former  there  are  nearly  ten 
thousand. 

The  Golden  Gate,  so  called,  is  the  entrance 
proper  to  the  park,  and  is  a  rocky  pass  through 
which  the  Gardiner  River  flows.  The  yellow  wall 
on  either  side  has  given  the  pass  its  name,  and  the 
scene  is  indeed  a  beautiful  one — the  lovely  Rustic 


Lower  falls  of  the  Yellowstone. 


96   THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD. 

Falls,  fed  by  ice  and  snow  from  the  mountain  tops, 
gliding  over  the  gorgeously  tinted  rocks.  Looking 
backward,  one  has  a  fine  view  of  the  Golden  Gate 
Canon,  while  in  front  are  the  Quadrant,  Antler 
and  Dome  Mountains,  each  rising  to  a  height  of 
thousands  of  feet.  The  Obsidian  Cliff  is  reached 
along  this  road — a  steep  and  towering  mountain 
of  volcanic  glass,  whose  columns,  of  every  shape, 
are  black  as  coal.  The  pathway  at  its  base  is  com- 
posed of  the  mineral  glass,  and  was  constructed 
with  much  difficulty.  Great  fires  were  built  around 
the  massive  blocks,  and  when  in  a  state  of  the  ut- 
most expansion,  water  was  dashed  over  them,  cool- 
ing them  so  rapidly  that  they  were  shattered  into 
small  fragments.  Then  a  good  wagon  road  was 
built  on  the  slope,  although  the  hands  and  faces 
of  the  workmen  were  severely  lacerated  during 
the  operations.  This  road  is  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
in  length,  and  is  the  only  road  of  native  glass  upon 
the  continent.  Opposite  Obsidian  Cliff  is  Beaver 
Lake.  The  pathway  along  its  banks  was  formed  by 
ancient  beaver  dams,  now  overgrown  with  vege- 
tation. A  hill  on  the  left  is  Eoaring  Mountain; 
from  its  summit  several  geysers  send  their  hot 
spray  from  six  to  eight  feet  into  the  air. 

It  is   twenty  miles   from   the   Mammoth  Hot 


THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD.   97 


A  Sunset  Eruption  of  "Old  Faithful." 

Springs  to  Norris  Geyser  Basin,  discovered  in  1875 
by  Colonel  P.  W.  Norris,  and  since  1881  called  by 
his  name.  It  covers  six  square  miles,  and  is  one  of 
tbe  highest  geyser  basins  in  the  Park.  As  one 
approaches  this  spot,  one  is  struck  by  nature's 
noisy  demonstrations.  There  is  an  incessant  mut- 
tering and  grumbling,  and  the  air  is  filled  with 
steam,  that  bursts  forth  every  now  and  again  with 


98       THE  MARVEL   OF   THE   NEW  WORLD. 


Continental  Divide. 

startling  effect.  Odors  of  sulphur  and  other  gases 
constantly  and  unpleasantly  assail  the  nostrils. 
One  comes  upon  the  Pine  Sulphur  Spring,  a  body 
of  water  boiling  hot  and  always  in  a  state  of  effer- 
vescence. The  largest  spring  is  the  Congress, 
whose  enormous  crater,  forty  feet  in  diameter,  is  in 
perpetual  violent  agitation.  The  Black  Growler,  is 
also  in  this  basin — an  unattractive  body  that 


THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD.   99 

throws  out  volumes  of  steam — and  the  Emerald 
Pool,  named  from  the  beautiful  tint  of  its  waters, 
and  so  quiet  that  one  may  look  down  the  pink  walls 
of  its  sulphur-lined  basin  to  a  great  depth.  Its 
surface  covers  an  area  of  two  thousand  square 
feet. 

Leaving  Norris  Basin,  the  traveler  starts  for 
the  Lower  Basin,  following  a  graded  road  bounded 


Yellowstone  River. 


100      THE   MARVEL   OF   THE   NEW   WORLD. 

on  one  side  by  the  Gibbon  River.  The  Mam- 
moth Paint  Pots  are  located  here — the  name  that 
has  been  applied  to  a  mud  caldron  whose  basin  is 
two  thousand  four  hundred  feet  in  area.  The  fine 
white  mixture  in  this  basin  is  in  a  constant  state 
of  fermentation,  and  resembles  a  bed  of  mortar. 
As  it  bubbles  up  it  rises  in  the  shape  of  rings, 
cones,  etc.  Especially  daring  or  foolish  visitors 
have  been  known  to  poke  sticks  or  drop  pebbles  into 
this  caldron,  often  to  their  sorrow,  for  accidents 
are  liable  to  happen  from  a  too  close  investigation 
of  nature's  mysteries.  The  fine  imposed  for  the 
offense  is  very  heavy. 

The  greatest  wonders  of  this  region  of  marvels 
are  still  to  come,  however.  The  Upper  Basin  con- 
tains twenty-six  geysers,  and  over  four  hundred  hot 
springs.  One  of  the  grandest  sights  in  the  coun- 
try, perhaps  in  the  world,  is  to  be  seen  here. 
Doubtless  many  others  have  experienced  the  sen- 
sation— a  confused,  chaotic  feeling,  says  a  well- 
known  writer,  as  if  the  brain  is  in  a  whirl,  on 
witnessing  those  gorgeous  volumes  of  steam  shoot- 
ing into  the  air  at  every  conceivable  angle. 
One  seems  to  be  in  a  world  of  geysers.  Earth  and 
sky  are  full  of  them.  They  threaten  to  engulf 
the  beholder,  to  sweep  him  out  of  existence.  Im- 


THE  MARVEL   OF   THE   NEW   WORLD.     101 

agine  jets  of  water,  tinted  in  gorgeous  colors,  ris- 
ing to  a  height  of  from  fifty  to  two  hundred  feet, 
some  even  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet !  The 
well  known  "  Old  Faithful "  geyser  throws  up  a 
column  of  water  six  feet  in  diameter,  to  a  height 
of  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet. 


Golden  Gate,  looking  Southeast  down  the  Canon. 


102     THE  MARVEL   OF   THE   NEW   WORLD. 

There  may  be  more  powerful  geysers  than  this 
friend  of  the  tourists,  but  "  Old  Faithful "  con- 
tinues to  be  the  pride,  the  joy,  the  delight  of  every 
visitor  to  the  Yellowstone.  Day  and  night,  in  sum- 
mer and  in  winter,  during  sunshine  and  rain,  he 
makes  his  eruptions  every  sixty-three  minutes. 
The  mound  of  this  geyser  is  a  succession  of  ter- 
races, whose  bowls,  after  an  eruption,  are  filled 
with  crystal  water,  and  whose  delicate  edges  ap- 
pear like  fretwork,  bright  with  beadlike  tracery 
of  scarlet,  yellow,  orange,  and  green  on  the  white 
groundwork. 

Lack  of  space  forbids  dwelling  on  the  many 
wonders  of  America's  wonderland,  but  it  is  impos- 
sible to  dismiss  the  subject  without  speaking  of  the 
Great  Falls  and  the  Grand  Canon.  "  Here,"  says 
a  writer,  "  forest-covered  slopes  have  given  place 
to  loose  rocks  with  broken  and  ragged  edges,  jut- 
ting crags  and  steep  sides,  glowing  with  color,  gor- 
geous in  effect.  The  canon  winds  in  and  out,  fol- 
lowing its  battlemented  walls.  At  its  turns  are 
visions  to  be  carried  with  one  through  the  years 
of  a  lifetime.  The  eyes  wander  from  one  distinc- 
tive feature  of  the  scene  to  the  other — from  the 
magnificent  rocky  walls  for,  which  the  canon  is 
famous  to  the  glorious  waterfalls  and  beautiful 


THE  MARVEL  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD.   103 

river,  and  the  soul  is  filled  with  an  awe  unspeak- 
able." 

There  is  a  tale  told  of  an  English  traveler — and 
one  may  well  believe  it — who  made  the  tour  of  the 
Yellowstone,  viewing  its  many  glories  with  an 
utter  lack  of  enthusiasm — perhaps  due  to  his  dog- 
ged English  patriotism,  or  perhaps  because,  having 
seen  much  of  nature's  beauty,  he  could  gaze  upon 


Fort  Yellowstone — Mammoth  Hot  Springs. 


104      THE   MARVEL    OF   THE   NEW   WORLD. 

this  unmoved.  He  reached  the  Grand  Canon,  and 
stood  at  length  upon  Inspiration  Point.  As  he 
looked  down  upon  the  scene  before  him — as  its  full 
beauty  dawned  upon  his  dazzled  sight,  he  fell 
upon  his  knees,  overcome  at  last  by  the  majesty  of 
God,  whose  mighty  finger  had  traced  the  great 
wonders  spread  out  to  his  dazzled  vision. 


Nature   Study  and 
Photography 


XATUEE  study  has  become  a  sort  of  mania  of 
late,  and  high  and  low  have  followed  the  fad  with 
more  or  less  ardor.  This  has  developed  the  pho- 
tographic naturalist,  and  there  is  a  stirring  ele- 
ment of  sport  in  the  difficulties  offered  by  nature 
photography.  The  living  wild  animals  are  shy  and 
not  easily  approached.  To  photograph  them  while 
in  their  wild  state  is  anything  but  an  easy  task, 
and  the  compensation  when  one  is  successful  is 
great  enough  to  be  adequate  reward  for  all  the 
trouble.  Of  course  one  must  have  an  inexhaust- 
ible stock  of  patience;  must  be  enduring,  ingen- 
ious, not  easily  discouraged,  and  an  expert  pho- 
tographer, before  he  can  hope  to  enter  this  field 
of  most  interesting  work  with  any  assurance  of 
results.  Above  all,  he  must  have  a  thorough  work- 
ing knowledge  of  the  wild  life  he  would  portray, 
for  those  who  go  into  the  woods  with  the  inten- 
tion of  photographing  a  bird  or  animal  without 
105 


106      NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY. 


NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY.  107 


108   NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY. 

a  knowledge  of  its  habits  will  return  with  nothing 
to  show  for  their  labors.  Knowing  where  to  look 
for  subjects  is  half  the  battle.  One  man  may  go 
out  with  his  camera  and  search  all  day  for  subjects 
and  not  find  one,  while  another  with  a  knowledge 
of  the  habits  of  birds  and  animals  may  go  over  the 
same  route  and  be  liberally  rewarded. 

It  is  not,  in  most  instances,  a  hard  task  to  pho- 
tograph a  nest  full  of  eggs  or  young,  provided  you 
find  it,  but  it  is  ofttimes  difficult  to  discover  a 
nest,  and  he  who  has  no  knowledge  of  the  habits 
of  birds  will  find  himself  very  seriously  handi- 
capped. Again,  it  is  not  easy  to  photograph  a 
living  wild  animal  under  any  circumstances,  and 
when  there  is  no  knowledge  of  its  habits  it  is  well- 
nigh  impossible.  One  must  go  out  and  make  their 
acquaintance  before  he  attempts  to  take  their  pic- 
tures. 

Of  course  this  branch  of  photography  is  already 
far  past  its  infancy  days.  It  has  long  since  super- 
seded the  brush  and  pencil  in  the  illustrating  of 
nature  books,  both  popular  and  technical,  and 
publishers  everywhere  have  come  to  appreciate 
its  value.  The  old-time  unnatural  and  often  gro- 
tesque drawings  have  given  place,  almost  entirely, 
to  technically  perfect  and  lifelike  photographic 


NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY.  109 


110   NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY. 

reproductions.  It  took  time,  as  was  only  natural, 
for  this  change  to  be  accomplished,  for  the  first  at- 
tempts of  the  pioneers  in  this  field  were  anything 
but  satisfactory.  Gradually,  however,  as  more 
men  took  up  this  line  of  work,  and  the  results  grew 
more  and  more  characteristic  and  true  to  life,  the 
publishers  discovered  that  they  could  no  longer 
ignore  the  claims  of  these  workers,  and  now  those 
who  do  not  use  photographs  in  preference  to  draw- 
ings are  wofully  behind  the  times. 

But  it  is  for  the  fascination,  rather  than  the 
practical  side  of  this  pursuit,  that  one  follows  it, 
for  that  the  pleasure  to  be  derived  from  it  is  great, 
especially  to  a  lover  of  nature,  is  undeniable.  As 
a  sport  it  should  be  accorded  high  place,  for  all 
the  skill  and  instinct  of  a  hunter,  as  well  as  the 
knowledge  of  a  naturalist,  are  required.  More- 
over, the  excitement  is  fully  as  great  when  hunting 
with  a  camera  as  with  a  gun,  and  to  any  humane 
being  a  successful  shot  with  a  camera  should  be 
of  greater  value  than  an  equally  successful  one 
with  a  gun.  A  good  photograph  of  a  bird  or  ani- 
mal amid  its  natural  surroundings  is  surely  worth 
more  than  its  bloody,  shot-riddled,  or  bullet-torn 
body.  That  this  is  in  many  instances  a  fact  is 
evidenced  by  the  number  of  men,  once  eager  hunt- 


NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY.  Ill 


112  NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY. 

ers,  who  have  laid  aside  the  gun,  and  now  hunt 
with  a  camera  in  its  stead. 

Overcoming  the  ofttimcs,  apparently,  insur- 
mountable difficulties  that  are  continually  pre- 
senting themselves,  is  by  no  means  the  least  of  the 
pleasures  to  be  derived  from  this  source,  for  where 
is  the  able-bodied  man  or  woman  who  does  not 
enjoy  coping  with  obstacles  to  gain  a  coveted  goal  ? 
And  are  not  the  results  thus  obtained  far  more 
worth  having  and  of  far  greater  value  than  are 
those  which  come  through  no  trouble  or  exertion? 
It  is  comparatively  easy  to  take  a  rifle  and  shoot 
a  deer — it  takes  no  great  skill  except  that  of  being 
a  good  marksman.  But  to  "  shoot "  that  same 
deer  with  a  camera,  from  a  point  close  enough 
to  give  a  fairly  large,  clear  image,  is  a  different 
matter,  and  one  requiring  the  utmost  skill  and 
patience.  The  picture  thus  obtained  is  a  lasting 
souvenir  of  a  pleasant  experience,  nor  does  it  leave 
the  slightest  tinge  of  regret.  There  never  was  a 
true  sportsman  who,  seeing  the  reproachful  look 
in  the  glazing  eyes  of  the  deer  he  has  just  shot, 
does  not  in  his  heart  wish  that  his  bullet  had  mis- 
carried. 

One  of  the  greatest  pleasures,  however,  is  the  in- 
sight, the  intimate  knowledge,  that  one  is  enabled 


NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY.     113 


114  NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY. 

to  obtain  of  the  home  life  of  wild  things,  for 
through  this  new  sport,  as  by  no  other  means, 
can  one  become  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
habitants  of  woods  and  fields,  and  really  know 
them  at  their  best;  and,  in  thus  learning  to  know 
them,  affection  for  them  is  bound  to  increase.  As 
a  recorder  of  facts  concerning  this  home  life  of  the 
wild  creature  there  is  nothing  that  can  equal  the 
camera,  for  it  seldom  lies,  whereas  the  brush  or 
pencil  almost  invariably  does  in  some  detail,  and 
often  in  larger  and  more  important  points.  More- 
over, the  camera  reproduces  instantaneously  that 
which  it  would  take  an  artist  hours  of  infinite 
labor  to  produce;  and,  therefore,  for  this  reason 
alone,  if  for  no  other,  is  the  camera  invaluable 
to  a  student  of  nature,  no  matter  in  what  branch 
of  the  natural  sciences  he  may  be  working. 

In  photographing  birds,  the  breeding  season  is 
the  best  time,  for  not  only  can  pictures  be  obtained 
at  this  time  which  can  not  be  duplicated,  at  least 
for  another  twelve  months,  but  each  pair  of  birds 
are  restricted  to  a  comparatively  limited  range 
surrounding  their  nest,  and  one  is  always  certain 
of  finding  one  or  the  other  at  home  when  he  calls. 
Moreover,  birds  are  more  tractable  at  this  period 
than  at  any  other,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  fact 


NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY.  115 


116     NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY. 

that  the  fear  for  their  own  safety  is  overshadowed 
by  their  desire  to  protect  their  home  and  young 
to  the  best  of  their  ability. 

The  fear  of  mankind  is  inherent  in  all  birds, 
and,  in  fact,  in  all  wild  animals,  but  by  careful 
management  and  gentle  treatment  this  fear  can, 
temporarily,  and  often  to  a  large  extent,  be  allayed. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  it  has  been  inborn  through 
so  many  generations,  we  can  never  hope  to  entirely 
win  their  confidence.  In  the  breeding-time,  how- 
ever, as  at  no  other,  one  can  come  the  nearest  to 
doing  this,  even  to  such  a  degree  as  might,  to  the 
inexperienced,  seem  almost  incredible.  This  is 
entirely  dependent  upon  the  individuality  of  the 
bird,  for  in  many  instances  it  is  impossible  to  con- 
vince them  that  one  means  neither  them  nor  their 
home  any  harm. 

Of  course,  young  birds,  before  they  are  able  to 
use  their  wings,  are  much  more  easily  photo- 
graphed than  are  the  old  ones,  for  they  can  not  es- 
cape the  evil  eye  of  the  lens  by  flight.  They  com- 
pensate for  this,  however,  to  the  best  of  their  abili- 
ty, and  show  their  disapproval  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  photographer  by  being  as  unresponsive  and 
tantalizing  as  possible.  In  this  respect  they  are 
an  undoubted  success.  Often  the  patience  of  Job 


NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY.  117 


118  NATURE  STUDY  AND  PHOTOGRAPHY. 

is  required  to  pose  them,  and  hours  are  sometimes 
spent  working  over  the  young  alone  before  an  ex- 
posure was  made.  That  which  they  most  delight 
in  doing  is  to  fall  off  the  twig  or  branch  upon 
which  one  is  trying  to  place  them  as  fast  as  he  can 
put  them  upon  it.  This  seems  to  be  through  no 
inability  to  stand  there,  for,  if  they  do  not  actually 
fall  off,  and  in  falling  drag  a  companion  or  two 
with  them,  they  will  deliberately  hop  off.  Even 
the  excitement  occasioned  by  the  approach  of  the 
old  bird  with,  food  is  usually  sufficient  to  cause  one 
or  two  to  fall  to  earth.  But  from  all  this  can 
be  derived  a  source  of  pleasure  to  one  who  loves 
the  mere  state  of  being  in  close  contact  with  na- 
ture. 

N"or  is  this  pleasure  only  to  be  found  in  photo- 
graphing the  birds.  Let  him  who  is  bodily  and 
mentally  tired  from  continued  contact  with  the 
selfish,  workaday  world  go  to  that  place,  far  from 
the  haunts  of  men,  where  nature  holds  supreme 
sway;  let  him  take  his  camera  with  him,  and  in 
trying  to  catch  the  fleeting  images  of  some  of  her 
children,  he  will  forget  his  troubles  and  worries, 
and  return  rested  in  body  and  mind,  and  better 
fitted  for  those  cares  which  are  our  inevitable 
heritage. 


Some  Wonderful  Birds 


DESOLATE,  indeed,  this  world  would  be  without 
the  feathered  denizens  that  lend  color  and  har- 
mony to  its  forests  and  fields. 

What  wonderful  creatures  they  are,  absorbingly 
interesting  in  their  home  life,  their  coquetry,  their 
amusing  traits ;  and  how  surpassing  is  their  beau- 
ty !  Eobes  of  brocade,  mantles  of  scarlet,  costumes 
scintillating  with  jewels,  all  the  gorgeousness  of 
the  Orient.  Let  the  poetic  imagination  picture  the 
most  artistic  apparel  it  will,  the  result  pales  into 
insignificance  when  compared  with  the  magnifi- 
cence of  the  garb  with  which  Mother  Nature  has 
endowed  many  of  these,  her  favorites. 

When  Magellan  and  his  hardy  companions  first 
visited  the  Pacific  isles  their  astonished  gaze  was 
greeted  with  a  picture  of  entrancing  beauty — an 
assemblage  of  birds  adorned  with  such  brilliant 
plumage  that  they  immediately  named  them  "  birds 
of  paradise,"  the  name  they  bear  to-day.  Pigafetta, 
one  of  these  brave  explorers,  took  some  of  the 
dainty  creatures  to  Seville,  where  legends  were 
119 


120  SOME   WONDERFUL  BIRDS. 


Young  liald  Eagle. 


SOME    WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 


121 


written  describing  the  birds  as  spirits  of  the  air, 
sylphs  exiled  from  some  mysterious,  home  and 
feeding  on  the  roseate  hues  of  morning. 

Much  smaller,  yet  quite  as  beautiful,  quite  as 
interesting,  and  possessing  the  additional  charm 
of  a  tuneful  voice,  is  the  tiny  humming-bird,  the 

"  American     en- 
chanter."   In  the 
warmer    sections 
of     the     United 
States      there 
arc  found  many 
W        varieties    of 
these     delicate 
creatures,  few  of 
them  over  three 
inches  in  length,  near- 
ly every  species  equal- 
ly   beautiful    in    plu- 
mage, and  incessant  in 
their    activity.     Who- 
ever has  seen  one  float- 
ing   in    the    air,    its 
wings    flapping    so 
swiftly  that  no  move- 

Tnrkey  Vulture,  Flesh  Eater.  lllCnt    is   perceptible    to 


122  SOME   WONDERFUL  BIRDS. 

the  eye,  plunging  its  poniard-like  beak  into  the 
cups  of  the  flowers,  has  marveled  at  the  physical 
power  it  possesses;  and  whoever  has  studied  its 
habits  has  realized  that  its  intelligence  is  similarly 
amazing.  This  is  admirably  illustrated  by  the 
nest-building  of  the  "  gem  on  pinions." 

It  may  be  surprising  to  learn  that  by  means  of 
a  properly  constructed  instrument  you.  can  wind 
off  from  an  ordinary  garden  spider  about  two 
miles  of  silken  thread.  The  supply  is  almost  end- 
lessly renewable,  for  if  you  rob  it  of  two  miles 
to-day,  another  two  miles  will  be  ready  for  you 
the  day  after  to-morrow,  because  half  the  spider's 
body  consists  of  tubular  cells,  which  secrete  the 
silk  in  liquid  form,  and  nearly  everything  it  eats 
goes  to  the  forming  of  this  valuable  substance. 
Man  is  not  alone  in  perceiving  the  uses  to  which 
spider's  silk  can  be  put;  many  birds,  for  instance, 
the  long-tailed  titmouse,  discovered  its  uses  long 
before  man.  But  the  silk  is  employed  most  ingen- 
iously by  a  species  of  humming-bird,  which,  first 
of  all,  collects  a  quantity  of  lichens,  then  works 
them  up  into  an  exquisite  cup-shaped  nest  about 
the  size  of  half  a  horse  chestnut,  binding  them 
close  together  with  the  threads  of  silk  taken  from 
the  spider  webs  which  it  finds  in  the  bushes. 


SOME   WONDERFUL   BIRDS.  123 


Condor. 


124 


SOME    WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 


American  Egret. 

Pugnacity  seems  to  be  characteristic  of  the 
smallest  of  all  earthly  creatures,  and  the  hum- 
ming-bird is  no  exception  to  this  rule.  For  some 
unaccountable  reason  it  heartily  dislikes  the  bee, 
and  there  are  frequent  battles  between  the  insects 
and  the  birds,  in  which,  notwithstanding  the  brave 
defense  made  by  the  former,  the  latter  always 
proved  victorious. 

Spring  is  the  festive  time  for  the  birds.  In 
this  season,  when  everything  in  nature  aspires 
to  grace  and  beauty,  the  little  animals  harmonize 


SOME    WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 


125 


Northern  Owl. 


with  the  general  splendor,  their  winter  garbs  of 
neutral  hues  disappearing,  giving  place  to  soft 
plumage,  rich  in  splendid  tones  and  brilliant  re- 
flections. 


126  SOME   WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 

Thus  appareled  they  arc,  human  like,  anxious  to 
display  themselves,  to  shine  at  fetes  and  balls. 
A  ball  of  birds !  Yes,  a  regularly  organized  ball ! 
Spring  assemblages  are  almost  universal,  and  with 
many,  including  those  mischievous,  chattering, 
conscienceless  bundles  of  nerves,  our  own  magpies, 
this  meeting  is  the  occasion  .for  a  dance.  Perched 
upon  branches  near  some  great  flat  rock,  the  au- 
dience is  gathered;  a  male  bird  descends  gracefully 
to  its  surface;  alighting,  he  half  lifts  his  wings, 
throws  his  head  from  right  to  left,  jumping  lightly 
up  and  down;  suddenly  he  spreads  his  tail, 
then  begins  to  strut  proudly  about,  continuing  the 
performance  until  tired,  when,  uttering  a  peculiar 
call,  he  flies  to  a  near-by  branch,  and  his  place  is 
taken  by  another  bird,  who  repeats  the  evolutions, 
assuming  graceful  attitudes  that  no  dancing- 
master  could  teach. 

This  might  properly  be  called  the  most  popu- 
lar dance;  sometimes,  as  is  the  case  with  alba- 
trosses, couples  perform  together,  but  more  fre- 
quently the  performances  are  individual. 

The  dance  of  the  heath-cock  is  peculiar  to  itself. 
Darting  hither  and  thither  upon  a  branch,  the 
bird  becomes  wild  with  excitement,  turning  about 
like  a  dervish,  until,  wrought  to  a  frenzied  pitch, 


SOME   WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 


127 


the  usually  timid 
creature  swoops 
down  to  attack 
some  ordinarily 
dreaded  enemy 
immeasurably 
superior  in 
strength. 

Unquestion- 
ably these  antics 
argue  apprecia- 
tion of  their 
beauties  on  the 
part  of  the  birds 
themselves;  and 
if  any  further 
proof  of  this 
were  necessary,  a 
glance  at  one  of 
those  distinguished  for  this  quality,  as  it  preens 
itself  after  a  morning  bath,  would  give  ample 
proof  of  the  existence  of  this  appreciation.  Some, 
indeed,  are  absurdly  and  laughably  vain.  In  the 
spring,  when  his  feathered  adornment  is  most 
luxuriant,  the  immense  argus-pheasant  of  Malay 
struts  about,  ostentatiously  lifting  his  enormous 


128 


SOME    WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 


Falcon  or  Duck  Hawk. 

tail  and  spreading  his  wings,  puffed  up  with  ad- 
miration of  his  charms;  and  the  pride  of  the  fa- 
miliar peacock  is  proverbial.  Let  the  latter  catch 
but  the  merest  suspicion  of  admiration  in  the  eye 
of  a  watcher,  and  immediately  his  magnificent 
tail  is  spread,  circling  like  a  great  aureole  about 
his  beautiful  aigrette,  and  he  moves  around  with 
dainty,  mincing  steps,  until  happening  to  glance 
downward  he  notices  his  ugly  feet,  when,  crest- 


SOME    WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 


129 


fallen,  he  permits  his  plumage  to  drop.  So  proud 
is  he  of  his  adornment,  that  when  he  awakes  in 
the  night  and  is  unable  to  see,  he  cries  out  in  af- 
fright, believing  that  his  beauty  is  gone. 

Vying  with  the  bird  of  paradise  in  entrancing 
beauty,  Australia  has  its  lyre  bird.  His  tail, 
spread  out,  exactly  imitates  the  shape  of  that  musi- 
cal instrument.  Two  great  plumes  turned  back 

in    the    form    of 
an    "  S  "    repre- 
sent   the    arma- 
tures,   while   the 
finer  plumes  dis- 
posed   within    the    arms 
are  excellent  representa- 
tions of  the  harmonious 
strings. 

The  pheasant,  so  pleasing  to 
the  eye,  such  an  ornament  to  the 
garden,  is,  like  many  another 
bird,  a  martyr  to  his  own  beauty ; 
his  magnificent  tail,  twice  as  large 
as  his  body,  is  a  serious  encum- 
brance, but  a  discomfort  amply 
compensated  for,  in  his  opinion, 
Great  Blue  Heron,  by  the  impression  he  creates. 


130 


SOME    WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 


Falcons. 


It  is  said  that  the  pheasant  is  none  other  than 
the  phoenix  of  ancient  times.  When  the  southern 
nations  first  saw  the  marvelously  brilliant  animal, 
brought  from  China,  its  original  home,  it  seemed 


SOME    WONDERFUL   BIRDS.  131 

so  wonderful,  so  strange  and  beautiful,  to  them 
that  they  immediately  deified  it. 

Oftentimes  the  beauty  of  birds  is  a  source  of 
quarrels  and  battles.  Usually  these  duels  are 
more  or  less  good-natured  tilts,  tournaments, 
as  it  were,  for  the  purpose  of  displaying 
their  charms,  but  there  are  occasions  when  the 
contests  are  in  deadly  earnest.  The  "  combat- 
ants," a  species  of  bird  frequenting  the  European 
marshes,  are  especially  addicted  to  spirited  duels. 
At  their  springtime  assemblies,  the  dance  and  the 
parade  do  not  content  their  bellicose  instincts;  it 
is  necessary  for  their  happiness  that  the  meetings 
do  not  terminate  without  blows  of  the  beak  and 
broken  wings.  The  first  combatant  to  arrive  looks 
about  him  and  waits  for  another  to  come  for- 
ward; if  the  next  comer  does  not  seem  inclined 
to  fight,  he  awaits  the  arrival  of  one  who  is.  As 
soon  as  two  adversaries  come  together  the  battle 
begins.  Diving  at  each  other,  they  struggle  until 
worn  out,  then  after  a  short  rest  return  again  to 
the  contest.  Attack  follows  attack  with  lightning- 
like  rapidity ;  blows  are  given  in  such  rapid  succes- 
sion as  to  bewilder  the  onlooker,  the  birds  tremble 
with  wrath,  and  do  not  cease  fighting  until  com- 
pletely exhausted.  Their  beaks  are  pointless,  so 


132  SOME   WONDERFUL   BIRDS. 

that  it  is  long  before  any  damage  is  done  or  blood 
spilled,  but  not  infrequently  the  end  of  the  duel 
finds  one  of  the  contestants  wounded  unto  death. 
We  have  touched  but  lightly  upon  some  of  the 
interesting  phases  of  bird  life.  Aside  from  their 
foibles,  their  quarrels,  their  ingenuity,  their  beau- 
ty, many  a  tale  could  be  told  of  their  imitative 
qualities,  their  endurance,  their  affection.  Then, 
too,  they  are  of  the  greatest  practical  value  to 
mankind  because  of  their  destruction  of  vermin 
and  pests  of  various  kinds — in  fact,  no  truer  state- 
ment has  ever  been  made  than  the  assertion  that 
birds  can  live  without  man,  but  man  can  not  live 
without  birds. 


Climbing  the  Alps 


THERE  is  a  fascination,  a  compelling  magnetism 
exercised  by  the  mountains  over  man,  a  haughty 
challenge  in  their  altitude  that  seems  to  dare  the 
pygmy  to  attempt  to  conquer  them.  Brt  the  lust 
for  conquest  is  strong  in  the  human  hreast,  and 
the  tragic  memories  that  cling  round  a  famous 
peak  serve  but  to  add  zest  to  the  true  mountain- 
eering spirit. 

One  by  one  man  has  mastered  the  towering 
mountains,  until  now  there  is  none  so  lofty,  none 
so  awe-inspiring,  that  he  will  not  undertake  to 
overcome  it.  For  countless  ages  Mt.  Blanc,  the 
noble  peak  that  dominates  the  Alps,  cowed  man- 
kind, but  gradually  men — and  women,  too — more 
daring  than  the  rest,  became  convinced  that  its 
summit  could  be  reached.  Finally  one  man  fell  so 
completely  under  the  sway  of  its  majestic  mag- 
netism that  he  made  attempt  after  attempt  to 
climb  it,  never  ceasing  until,  in  1786,  he  reached 
his  goal,  the  first  of  mankind  to  press  the  spot  that 
only  the  eagle  and  the  chamois  had  known. 
133 


134 


CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 


CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 


135 


On  the  Traverse  of  the  Grepon. 


136  CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 

Conditions  have  changed  since  the  days  of 
Jacques  Balmat,  Paccard,  Saussure,  and  those 
hardy  pioneers  who  first  made  their  way  over 
the  ancien  passage.  To-day  there  are  seven  routes 
available  to  the  traveler.  Many  of  the  more  dan- 
gerous points  have  been  provided  with  safeguards ; 
but,  notwithstanding  all  claims  to  the  contrary,  the 
trip  up  Mt.  Blanc  is  still  one  full  of  hazard  and 
fraught  with  danger.  Fatality  after  fatality  oc- 
curs, yet  the  guides  of  Chamonix  find  steady 
occupation,  for  its  stupendous  natural  beauty,  the 
infinite  variety  of  its  mountain  forms,  its  amazing 
snow-fields,  its  fantastic  and  terrible  walls  of  rock, 
and  the  dazzling  splendor  of  its  seracs,  maintain 
for  it  a  high  place  in  the  regard  of  the  mountain 
climber. 

The  guides  are  thoroughly  trained,  are  familiar 
with  the  form  and  peculiarities  of  the  moun- 
tain, arid  never  permit  a  party  to  start  without 
proper  preparation  in  the  way  of  food  and  cloth- 
ing. The  necessary  outfit  consists  of  warm  wool- 
ens, shoes  made  especially  for  the  rough  work, 
goggles  for  the  eyes,  alpenstocks  and  ice  axes. 
They  themselves  are  provided  with  ropes,  the  usual 
method  being  to  rope  a  traveler  between  two  guides. 


CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 


137 


138  CLIMBING    THE   ALPS. 

A  glance  at  the  illustrations  will  show  the  wisdom 
and  necessity  of  this  procedure. 

The  route  from  Chamonix  entails  only  four- 
teen hours  of  continuous  walking,  refuges  have 
been  built  at  various  points,  and  a  hardy  traveler, 
provided  with  efficient  guides,  may  attempt  the 
trip  with  comparatively  few  misgivings.  Almost 
every  step  of  the  journey,  however,  could  tell  a 
tale  of  suffering  and  death,  of  headlong  falls  into 
crevasses,  or  sudden  slips  on  the  icy  paths,  the 
breaking  of  ropes,  the  dashing  of  unfortunate  men 
upon  the  jagged  rocks  thousands  of  feet  below ! 
And  accidents  still  happen — sometimes  through 
ignorance  of  the  effect  of  cold  or  of  avalanches 
after  fresh  snow,  from  inability  to  locate  concealed 
crevasses,  from  improper  use  of  the  rope — all  of 
which  could  be  avoided,  but  often,  too,  from  causes 
beyond  the  control  of  man — sudden  changes  of 
weather,  falling  rocks  hurtling  down  the  mountain 
sides  upon  the  devoted  heads  of  climbers  who  may 
at  the  moment  be  toiling  up  the  jagged  sides  of 
an  aiguille  (a  needle  of  rock),  of  which  they  must 
encounter  many,  no  matter  which  route  they  choose. 
Familiar  as  even  Mt.  Blanc  is  to  the  guides,  the 
"  Hamel  catastrophe  "  or  any  of  the  other  terrible 
accidents  it  has  known  may  be  repeated  at  any 


CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 


139 


140  CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 

time ;  and  this  being  so,  what  have  the  adventurous 
climbers  who  attempt  other  and  less  familiar 
peaks  to  expect  ? 

The  hardships  they  may  look  for  can  be  sur- 
mised from  the  experiences  of  Saussure  in  his 
first  ascent  of  Mt.  Blanc.  He  and  his  party  started 
from  Chamonix  on  August  1,  1787.  Their  first 
stop  was  at  the  ridge  known  as  Montagne  de  la 
Cote,  where  they  arrived  in  the  course  of  six  hours. 
Erecting  a  tent  upon  this  cornice,  which  was  free 
from  snow,  they  passed  the  night  in  comparative 
comfort.  At  half-past  six  the  next  morning  they 
bade  adieu  to  dry  land,  and  embarked  on  the  great 
solitudes  of  snow  that  stretch  continuously  to  the 
eummit.  Their  way  now  led  across  a  glacier  to- 
ward the  ridge  of  rocks  called  the  Grandes  Mulcts. 
This  they  found  very  difficult  and  dangerous,  filled 
with  deep  and  irregular  crevasses,  which  could  only 
be  crossed  by  snow  bridges.  In  some  instances  they 
even  found  it  necessary  to  go  to  the  bottom  of 
these  openings  and  mount  to  the  other  side  by  cut- 
ting steps  in  the  ice.  So  tortuous  and  difficult  was 
the  passage  of  the  glacier  that  it  took  three  hours 
for  them  to  reach  the  lower  ridge  of  the  Grandes 
Mulcts,  though  this  was  less  than  a  mile  distant, 
in  a  straight  line,  from  the  place  where  they  had 


CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 


141 


143  CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 

slapt.  Breakfasting  here,  they  started  forward 
again  at  eleven  o'clock ;  and,  after  overcoming  diffi- 
culties similar  to  those  already  met  with,  they 
finally  reached  the  Petit  Plateau,  twelve  thousand 
feet  above  the  sea,  at  four  in  the  afternoon.  The 
cold  was  now  intense,  and  the  air  so  rarefied 
that  the  men  could  work  but  a  few  minutes  at  a 
time  while  arranging  their  shelter  for  the  night; 
and  when  they  sought  sleep  the  stillness  was 
broken  so  continuously  by  the  roar  of  avalanches 
that  they  could  not  rest. 

Early  the  next  morning,  however,  they  began 
their  journey  toward  the  Grand  Plateau.  The 
snow  was  very  steep  and  hard,  and  the  axes  had 
to  be  used,  so  that  when  they  arrived  at  the  plateau 
they  were  so  weak  and  exhausted  that  they  were 
forced  to  make  a  prolonged  halt.  Saussure  him- 
self was  almost  overcome,  but,  relieved  somewhat 
by  the  rest,  persevered  in  his  efforts  until  at  last, 
at  eleven  o'clock  that  morning,  August  3,  he 
reached  the  summit  and  accomplished  an  ambition 
he  had  cherished  for  twenty-seven  years. 

Such  are  the  hardships  the  mountain  climber 
willingly  undergoes,  but  the  description  carries 
with  it  the  merest  suggestion  of  the  dangers  that 
beset  his  path.  In  the  churchyard  of  Chamonix, 


CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 


143 


144  CLIMBING    THE    ALPS. 

of  Zermatt,  at  the  foot  of  the  Matterhorn,  which 
was  ascended  for  the  first  time  in  1865,  and  of 
every  village  beneath  a  famous  Alpine  peak,  there 
lies  many  a  stranger.  Sometimes  the  records  on  the 
gravestone  show  that  years  elapsed  between  the  de- 
parture of  the  adventurer  for  the  mountain  and 
the  day  when  his  body  was  given  up  in  the  morain 
of  the  slow-moving  glacier;  sometimes  the  record 
fixes  the  date  of  a  fearful  avalanche  that  came 
roaring  down  the  mountain-side,  crushing,  bury- 
ing, smothering  every  living  thing  in  its  path. 
Yet  still  man  accepts  the  challenge  of  the  moun- 
tain, still  he  struggles  upward,  his  one  ambition, 
whether  upon  Mt.  Blanc,  the  "  accursed  moun- 
tain "  of  the  ancients,  the  wind-swept  crags  of 
the  Matterhorn,  or  some  unknown  peak,  to  stand 
upon  the  towering  summit  that  pierces  the  clouds 
and  feel  the  thrill  of  victory. 


The  Ski  and  Ski  Racing 


IT  was  centuries  ago,  in  the  time  of  the  Vikings, 
that  the  ski  first  made  its  appearance.  The  nature 
of  the  country  wherein  these  hardy  Norsemen 
dwelt,  and  its  climate,  made  necessary  some  con- 
veyance for  traversing1  the  mountains  and  forests 
that  were  covered  with  snow  several  feet  deep 
throughout  the  winter  months;  and  the  ski  admi- 
rably serves  this  purpose. 

The  Vikings  were  a  sport-loving  race,  and  it 
was  not  long  before  the  new  footgear  played  an 
important  part  in  their  many  athletic  contests. 
Wild  tales  are  told  of  the  feats  performed  in  the 
early  days,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  the  ancient  ski 
runners  even  dreamed  of  the  astounding  perform- 
ances of  those  who  dwell  in  the  land  of  the  mid- 
night sun  to-day. 

Skis  are  strips  of  fir  or  ash,  four  or  five 
inches  wide,  from  seven  to  fifteen  feet  in 
length,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  except  a 
space  that  serves  for  a  foot  rest,  where  the  thick- 
ness is  about  an  inch.  They  are  highly  polished 
145 


140 


THE    SKI   AND    SKI   RACING. 


Norwegian  School  Girls  on  Skis. 

on  the  bottom  side,  the  front  is  curled  upward, 
and  they  are  fastened  to  the  feet  by  thongs.  To 
attempt  to  fully  describe  the  method  of  using  them 
would  be  almost  as  futile  as  endeavoring  to  demon- 
strate how  to  ride  a  bicycle  without  the  aid  of  a 


THE    SKI   AND    SKI   RACING.  147 


Ski  Races  held  at  Holmkollen,  Norway,  every  Winter: 

machine.  In  the  latter  case  all  that  one  can  say 
is  that  you  mount  and  ride,  but  one  can  be  a  little 
more  definite  with  regard  to  the  skis.  The  motion 


148 


THE    SKI   AND    SKI   RACING. 


THE    SKI   AND   SKI   RACING. 


149 


150  THE    SKI   AND    SKI    RACING. 

employed  in  skiing  has  no  resemblance  to  that 
used  in  skating;  inserting  your  feet  beneath  the 
thongs  in  the  center,  you  move  forward  with  a 
shuffle  that  can  best  be  compared  to  walking  in 
a  pair  of  bedroom  slippers.  While  they  are  in 
motion  the  skis  must  be  kept  absolutely  parallel 
if  you  wish  to  avoid  a  nasty  tumble,  and  they 
should  never  be  lifted  from  the  ground.  The  ski 
runner  carries  a  staff  with  a  wicker  frame  a  few 
inches  above  the  point,  and  this  is  used  either  to 
increase  his  speed  or  retard  him.  In  the  latter 
case  the  staff  is  sunk  far  enough  into  the  snow 
for  the  excrescence  to  act  as  a  brake.  While  used 
for  the  same  purpose  as  the  snow  shoe,  the  ski 
is  far  more  difficult  to  manage ;  but  once  it  is  mas- 
tered the  adept  finds  ample  compensation  in  its 
superiority  to  the  former  footgear.  The  ski  run- 
ner can  go  everywhere,  over  hill  and  valley,  and 
nothing  stops  him  so  long  as  there  is  sufficient 
snow  to  travel  over. 

In  Xorway,  where  the  days  in  summer  are  long 
and  bright,  the  winter  days  correspondingly  short, 
and  the  season  itself  long  and  dreary,  skiing  is 
the  national  sport — among  the  women  as  well  as 
the  men.  The  Norwegians  are  just  as  enthusiasti- 
cally interested  in  it  as  the  most  pronounced  base- 


THE    8KI    AND    SKI   RACING. 


151 


152  THE    SKI   AND    SKI    RACING. 

ball  "  fan "  in  our  own  national  game,  and  the 
feats  they  perform  are  so  astounding  as  to  beg- 
gar description.  Skildbnwg,  for  this  is  the  exact 
term,  is  greatly  encouraged  throughout  the  coun- 
try. Each  town  and  village  has  its  ski  club,  which 
awards  prizes  to  the  members  who  display  the 
greatest  skill.  The  sport  has  also  been  introduced 
into  other  countries,  and  is  becoming  more  popu- 
lar every  day.  In  Canada  and  in  our  Western  and 
Northern  States  there  are  many  who  are  proficient 
in  this  healthful  and  exhilarating  amusement. 
One  well-known  club  has  regular  organized 
"  runs,"  a  leader  being  selected,  who  sets  the  pace 
and  the  example  for  the  others  to  follow,  the  course 
including  every  variety  of  scenery — level  stretches, 
climbs,  shoots,  and  jumps. 

It  is  to  Norway,  however,  the  land  of  its  birth, 
that  we  must  look  if  we  wish  to  see  this  splendid 
sport  in  its  most  fascinating  form.  In  February 
of  each  year  there  is  held  at  Holmkollen  Hill, 
a  few  miles  from  Christiania,  the  national  ski  con- 
test that  is  an  event  as  important  to  the  Nor- 
wegians as  the  Derby  is  to  the  Englishman,  or 
any  of  our  great  races  are  to  the  American. 

From  early  morning  the  roads  are  thronged 
with  sleighs  bearing  thousands  of  people  on  their 


THE    SKI   AND    SKI   RACING.  153 


154  THE    SKI   AND    SKI   RACING. 

way  to  witness  the  competition  between  the  expert 
ski  racers  and  jumpers,  while  other  crowds  glide 
over  the  ice  and  snow  upon  the  skis  themselves. 
The  scene  is  a  beautiful  one;  the  country  is 
wrapped  in  a  mantle  of  white,  covered  with  snow 
several  feet  deep,  snow  that  is  peculiarly  soft  and 
glistening,  and  the  air  resounds  with  the  merry 
voices  of  the  happy  crowd.  At  last  the  hill  is 
reached,  and  at  its  foot,  prince  and  peasant,  rich 
and  poor,  gather  together  in  perfe'ct  comradeship, 
awaiting  the  signal  that  will  set  every  eye  to 
glistening,  every  nerve  to  tingling. 

Half  way  up  the  slope,  which  is  about  six  hun- 
dred feet  long  and  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  in 
height  at  the  summit,  there  is  a  break  in  the 
course;  this  is  the  platform  that  has  been  banked 
up  to  serve  as  a  "  take  off  "  for  the  jumpers. 

Suddenly  a  silence  falls  upon  the  spectators,  for 
up  there  at  the  top  of  the  hill  the  racers,  each  with 
an  immense  number,  fastened  on  his  breast,  are 
gathering  around  a  platform.  Now  they  spread 
out  again  and  one  stands  alone.  There  comes  the 
sound  of  a  bugle  and,  slowly  at  first,  then  with  in- 
creasing speed,  a  form  slides  down  the  hill.  A 
moment  more  and  it  is  whizzing  with  lightning 
rapidity;  another  second  and  the  ski  racer  strikes 


THE    SKI   AND    SKI   RACING.  155 


Ready  for  the  Journey. 


156  THE    SKI   AND    SKI   RACING. 

the  platform.  His  body  bends  forward,  his  arms 
begin  to  whirl  as,  like  a  shot  from  a  catapult,  he 
is  launched  into  the  air !  All  eyes  are  upon  him ! 
Will  he  fall?  Will  he  lose  his  balance ?  No!  He 
lands  upon  the  slope,  glides  to  the  bottom  with  in- 
credible speed,  describes  a  graceful  curve  and 
stops — upright  upon  his  skis ! 

The  tension  is  over.  "  How  far  ?  How  far  ?  " 
shouts  the  crowd,  pressing  forward. 

"  Ninety  feet,"  announces  the  ]udge. 

Impossible  ?  Not  at  all ;  it  is  a  good,  but  not  an 
extraordinary  jump. 

The  competition  is  under  way,  and  one  after 
another  the  contestants  shoot  down  from  the  top 
with  terrific  speed,  hurtle  through  the  air,  land, 
stop  and  zigzag  to  the  summit  again  to  exert  their 
skill  once  more — for  each  has  two  trials. 

Some  of  them  stumble,  most  of  them  keep  their 
balance,  none  is  injured ;  and  when  the  day  is  over 
there  is  another  champion  of  Norway,  for  a  strip- 
ling, scarcely  more  than  a  boy,  has  leaped  the 
amazing  distance  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet, 
and  beaten  the  world's  record ! 


Triumphal   Arches 


WHEN  the  news  of  Admiral  Dewey's  splendid 
victory  at  Manila  reached  New  York,  a  grateful 
appreciation  of  the  bravery  of  the  sailors  who  had 
created  for  our  ships  of  war  an  enviable  position 
among  the  navies  of  the  world,  suggested  that  a 
memorable  reception  be  tendered  to  the  admiral 
and  his  staff  on  the  occasion  of  their  visit  to  this 
city. 

When,  in  furtherance  of  this  idea,  Charles  II. 
Lamb,  of  the  National  Sculpture  Society,  pro- 
posed, at  a  dinner  of  that  association,  the  build- 
ing of  a  triumphal  arch,  first  in  temporary  form 
and  later  in  lasting  marble,  the  suggestion  was  re- 
ceived with  the  greatest  enthusiasm.  The  interest 
of  the  society  was  shown  in  a  most  unusual  man- 
ner, because,  throwing  aside  all  personal  feeling 
and  artistic  pride,  the  sculptors  and  architects 
agreed,  for  the  first  time,  to  work  together  under 
one  director,  each  performing  his  allotted  task  to 
the  best  of  his  ability,  and  even  superintending 
the  elaboration  of  his  designs  if  necessary. 
157 


158  TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 

Although  sufficient  funds  were  soon  secured, 
work  was  not  actually  begun  until  six  weeks  before 
the  day  named  for  the  celebration,  but  the  beauti- 
ful and  impressive  plaster  arch  was  completed 
in  time. 

In  the  accomplishment  of  this  task,  however, 
New  York  witnessed  a  sight  it  had  never  seen 
before,  and  probably  will  never  see  again — the 
best  known  artists  and  architects  in  the  city  hard 
at  work  upon  the  scaffolds  within  the  enclosure 
that  surrounded  the  structure ! 

The  erection  of  this  memorial  was  peculiarly 
appropriate,  for  the  triumphal  arch  is  one  of  the 
most  perfect  monuments  to  embody  the  gratitude 
of  a  great  community  for  services  rendered  it  in 
war.  Its  origin  is  historic.  In  early  times  it 
was  the  custom  for  victorious  generals  to  make  tri- 
umphal entry  into  the  city  of  Eome,  escorted  by 
their  armies,  displaying  the  prisoners  they  had 
taken  and  the  spoils  of  war.  In  some  cases 
triumphal  arches  were  subsequently  erected  to 
commemorate  these  deeds  in  lasting  form. 

Whether  or  not  the  Romans  were  the  first  to 
use  such  arches  is  best  left  for  the  discussions 
of  savants,  but  the  fact  remains  that  among  the 
most  dignified  and  stately  ruins  of  Eome  are  the 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 


159 


Dewey  Triumphal  Arch,  New  York  City. 

three  arches  still  remaining  of  the  many  that  were 
built  during  the  period  of  its  glory.  Greatly  in- 
teresting from  an  architectural  standpoint,  they 
are  far  more  so  because  of  the  historic  circum- 
stances that  surround  their  upbuilding  and  the 
personal  quality  that  attaches  to  them  because 
they  were  erected  for  the  purpose  of  commemorat- 
ing the  great  deeds  of  famous  men. 


160 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 


The  traditions  of  the  triumphal  arch  date  back 
as  far  as  196  B.  C.,  when  Stertiuius  built  two  of 
them  from  the  spoils  which  he  had  collected  in 
his  Spanish  wars.  Of  these.,  and  of  the  forty 
others  mentioned  in  history,  there  are  now  but  few 


Copyright,  1900,  by  B.  L.  Singley. 

Triumphal  Arch  of  Septimius  Severus,  Rome,  Italy. 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 


161 


From  stereograph,  copyright,  1904,  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Arch  of  Hadrian,  Athens,  Greece. 

traces,  the  three  already  referred  to — those  of 
Titus,  Soverus,  and  Constantine  only — remaining 
in  a  state  of  comparative  preservation  at  the  pres- 
ent day. 

It  is  remarkable  that  two  of  these  three  that 
have  stood  so  well  the  passage  of  time  should 
possess  such  intense  interest  for  the  Christian 


162  TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 

world — that  of  Titus,  commemorating  the  final 
abolition  of  Jewish  rites,  and  that  of  Constantine, 
which  commemorates  the  passing  of  the  imperial 
scepter  from  pagan  to  Christian  hands. 

The  arch  of  Titus,  the  oldest  of  the  three,  built 
about  the  year  82  A.  D.,  consists  of  a  single  arch, 
the  interior  richly  decorated  in  bas-relief,  part  of 
it  showing  representations  of  the  various  sacred 
vessels  brought  to  Rome  by  Titus,  and  serving 
as  authority  for  all  the  pictures  of  these  articles 
that  have  been  produced.  It  stands  at  what  was 
probably  the  highest  point  of  the  Via  Sacra,  one 
of  the  most  striking  spots  in  Eome — on  one  side 
of  it  the  ruins  of  the  Imperial  Palace,  on  the  other 
those  of  the  famous  temple  of  Venus  and  Rome, 
the  Colosseum  in  front  of  it,  and  behind  it  the 
ruins  of  the  Forum.  The  whole  external  part  is 
modern,  restored  by  Pope  Pius  VII.  in  the  seven- 
teenth century ;  but  there  is  enough  of  the  original 
structure  remaining  to  attract  the  interest  of  the 
student. 

The  parts  that  are  ancient  are  the  archway  itself, 
with  its  interior  sculptures,  one  pillar  on  each  side 
of  it,  the  ornaments  above  the  archway,  the  cor- 
nice and  frieze,  and  the  original  inscription,  front- 
ing the  Colosseum. 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 


163 


Connected  as  it  is  with  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant events  that  has  ever  occurred,  by  its  history 
and  its  sculpture,  it  is  an  enduring  proof  alike  of 


Triumphal  Arvh  at  Entrance  to  Prospect  Park,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

the  truth  of  Jewish  prophecy  and  of  Christian  his- 
tory, and,  though  erected  by  a  pagan  senate,  it 
stands  to-day,  after  the  lapse  of  eighteen  centuries, 
as  an  unanswerable  demonstration  of  the  fulfil- 


164 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 


From  stereograph,  copyright,  1904,  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Arch  of  Triumph,  Paris,  France. 

ment    of   the   prophecies    regarding   the    fate    of 
Jerusalem. 

Next  in  order  of  time  comes  the  arch  of  Sep- 
timius  Severus,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Capito- 
line  Hill  and  adjoining  the  Mamertine  and  Tul- 
lian  prisons.  This  is  a  building  of  greater  size 
and  pretensions  than  that  of  Titus,  hut,  although 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 


165 


it  possesses  three  arches,  it  is,  on  account  of  its  po- 
sition and  the  inferiority  of  the  material  and 
workmanship,  much  less  effective  than  the  latter. 
It  WHS  erected  in  205  A.  D.  by  the  Roman  senate 
and  people  in  honor  of  Septimius  Severus  and 
his  sons,  Caracalla  and  Geta,  on  account  of  their 
victories  over  the  Parthians,  Arabians,  and  other 


From  stereograph,  copyright,  1904,  by  II.  C.  White  Co.,  X.  Y. 

War  Office  Arch  of  Victory,  St.  Petersburg,  Itussla. 


1G6  TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 

Oriental  nations,  as  the  inscription  covering  the 
entire  upper  portion  relates.  Each  front  is 
adorned  with  fluted  columns  and  representations, 
in  bas-relief,  of  the  deeds  of  the  men  in  whose 
honor  it  was  built.  On  the  top,  archeologists 
tell  us,  there  was  originally  a  group  of  statuary 
representing  Severus  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  six 
horses  abreast,  with  Caracalla  on  one  side  and 
Geta  on  the  other,  attended  by  two  horse  and  foot 
soldiers.  When  Caracalla  came  to  the  throne, 
however,  he  had  all  reference  to  his  brother,  whom 
he  had  caused  to  be  murdered,  removed  from  this, 
as  from  other  monuments.  This  structure  was 
also  repaired  by  Pope  Pius  VII.,  but  the  marble, 
being  of  inferior  grade,  is  in  a  rather  bad  condi- 
tion. 

The  arch  of  Constantine  is  the  largest  and  best 
preserved  of  the  three.  It  stands  at  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  Palatine  Hill,  and  spans  the  road 
along  which  the  triumphs  passed,  very  near  the 
point  where  the  Via  Sacra  is  supposed  to  have 
begun.  Its  situation  is  an  admirable  one,  par- 
ticularly when  one  looks  at  it  from  the  west — 
when  it  is  seen  grouped  with  the  Colosseum  and 
the  tempJe  of  Venus  and  Rome.  It  consists  of 
three  arches,  but  differs  from  that  of  Severus  in 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 


167 


From  stereograph,  copyright,  1904,  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Triumphal  Arch  of  Titus — Forum  and  Capitol  in  background, 
Rome,  Italy. 

that  there  is  no  connection  between  the  side  and 
middle  passages.  The  general  design  is  good,  the 
pillars  exquisitely  beautiful,  and  half  the  bas-relief 
ornaments  are  of  the  finest  workmanship,  but  the 
other  half  of  these  decorations  are  decidedly  in- 
ferior in  style.  The  discrepancy  is  explained  by 
the  claim  that  the  better  portions  of  the  arch  have 


168  TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 

been  taken  from  older  monuments,  probably  build- 
ings of  the  time  of  Trajan,  when  Koman  art  was 
of  a  higher  type  than  during  Constantine's  time. 
It  is  not  believed  that  the  arch  of  Trajan  was  de- 
spoiled, because  Constantine's  was  built  only  two 
hundred  years  later,  and  Trajan's  memory  was 
greatly  revered  in  those  days.  It  is  certain,  how- 
ever, that  the  bas-relief  representations  that  are 
well  executed  do  not  portray  the  deeds  of  Con- 
stantine,  and  that  part  of  the  arch  is  made  up  of 
materials  used  before. 

On  one  front  of  the  structure  there  are  four 
beautiful  fluted  Corinthian  columns,  and  on  the 
other  front  three  that  equal  any  in  Eome;  but 
the  effect  of  the  whole  scheme  is  marred  by  the 
eighth  column,  which  is  of  white  marble,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  been  erected  in  1735  by  Pope 
Clement  XII.  to  replace  the  original  pillar,  re- 
moved in  1600  to  serve  as  a  match  to  another 
under  the  organ  of  ,the  Lateran  church,  where  it 
can  be  seen  to-day.  This  newer  column  was  found 
in  the  ruins  of  Trajan's  forum.  All  of  them  are 
about  thirty  feet  high,  and  surmounting  each,  in 
front  of  the  attic,  there  stands  a  statue  represent- 
ing a  Dacian  prisoner.  These  statues,  with  the 
exception  of  the  eighth,  which,  like  the  column 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES.  169 


Washington  Arch,  Washington  Square,  Now  York. 


170  TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES. 

that  supports  it,  is  of  white,  are  of  dark  Phrygian 
marble,  and,  notwithstanding  the  vandalism  of 
Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  who  removed  their  heads  and 
carried  them  to  Florence,  are  marvelously  beauti- 
ful works  of  art.  The  heads  were  replaced,  it  is 
believed,  by  Pope  Pius  VII.,  who  was  greatly  in- 
terested in  antiquities,  and  are  to-day  practically 
the  same  color  as  the  rest  of  the  figures. 

The  two  principal  representations  in  relief, 
which  are  undoubtedly  of  Constantine's  time,  por- 
tray the  battle  of  Verona  and  that  of  Ponte  Molle, 
in  which  the  Emperor  defeated  Maxentius,  and  in 
commemoration  of  which  the  monument  was 
erected. 

The  ornamentation  of  the  ends  of  this  arch  is 
an  addition  to  its  beauty,  for,  on  account  of  this 
method  of  construction,  the  rich  cornice  frieze 
can  be  carried  all  around  the  structure. 

With  the  exception  of  the  crude  sculptures  on 
the  lower  part,  the  arch  of  Constantine  is  worthy 
of  the  highest  admiration,  both  in  its  plan  and 
execution,  and  a  fitting  model,  as  it  has  always 
been,  for  those  of  modern  times. 

Neither  the  Greeks  nor  the  Persians  made  use 
of  the  triumphal  arch.  Those  found  in  Greece 
date  from  the  period  of  Roman  occupation.  The 


TRIUMPHAL    ARCHES.  171 

Gauls,  however,  after  they  had  been  conquered 
by  Julius  Caesar,  followed  the  example  set  them 
by  Eome,  bending  their  half  savage  energies  to 
the  rebuilding  of  their  wooden  houses  in  stone 
and,  as  their  civilization  increased,  copying  the 
monuments  of  the  Komans;  and  to  this  precedent 
may  be  ascribed  the  arches  of  Eheims,  Orange, 
and  other  sections  of  the  southern  provinces. 

In  the  time  of  Napoleon  there  was  a  renewal 
of  Eoman  influence  in  France,  which  resulted 
in  the  building  of  the  two  famous  triumphal 
arches  of  Paris — d'Etoile  and  de  Carrousel. 

No  other  European  countries  have  any  modern 
arches  of  importance  or  beauty,  and  in  Greater 
New  York  there  are  at  the  present  time  only  two, 
that  of  Washington  in  Washington  Square,  Man- 
hattan, still  unprovided  with  the  statues  that  were 
intended  to  adorn  it,  and  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors' 
arch,  at  the  entrance  of  Prospect  Park,  in  Brook- 
lyn. Neither  of  these  approaches  the  beauty  and 
artistic  elegance  that  will  distinguish  the  perma- 
nent Dewey  arch,  which,  when  it  is  finally  built, 
will  represent  exactly  what  a  triumphal  arch 
should  be — a  magnificent,  stately  frame  for  stat- 
uary, a  pedestal  and  a  background  for  many 
monuments. 


The  Magic   Kettle 


FIRST  the  kettle  is  filled  with  liquid  air.  Then 
it  is  placed  on  an  oil  stove,  made  to  look,  by  the 
aid  of  electricity,  as  if  it  were  lighted.  The  oxy- 
gen escaping  from  the  liquid  air  through  the 
spout  of  the  kettle  seems  to  be  steam.  A  little 
liquid  air  is  poured  into  a  hat  furnished  by  some 
member  of  the  audience.  In  this  hat  several 
handkerchiefs  are  placed,  and  the  demonstrator 
says  these  are  to  be  washed.  The  evaporating 
liquid  steams  out  of  the  hat,  leaving  it  wholly 
dry.  The  handkerchiefs  are  returned  to  their 
owners  showing  no  sign  of  moisture. 

A  small  tube  filled  with  kerosene  is  submerged 
in  the  liquid  air  in  the  kettle  and  instantly  freezes. 
In  the  center  of  this  tube  is  a  small  taper;  and  it 
is  around  this  that  the  kerosene  congeals.  The 
frozen  kerosene  is  withdrawn  from  the  tube  and 
becomes  a  kerosene  candle,  which,  when  lighted 
by  the  demonstrator,  burns  for  half  an  hour. 

The  demonstrator  pours  a  little  liquid  air  from 
the  kettle  into  the  jacket  of  a  chafing  dish,  and 
173 


174  THE    MAGIC    KETTLE. 


Doing  the  Family  Washing  in  a  Hat  with  the  aid  of  the 
Magic  Kettle. 

steam  instantly  arises — or  what  seems  to  be  steam 
— giving  the  impression  that  the  jacket  contains 
boiling  water.  For  a  few  moments  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  chafing  dish  is  rendered  far  below 


THE    MAGIC    KETTLE. 


175 


176 


THE    MAGIC    KETTLE. 


Getting  Beady  to  Hum  a  Cake  of  Ice. 

freezing  point  by  the  liquid  air,  and  the  demon- 
strator carries  out  his  promise  of  making  ice- 
cream in  a  chafing  dish  on  a  hot  stove — so  far 
as  appearances  are  concerned.  He  really  does  make 


THE    MAGIC    KETTLE. 


177 


"It  Boils  on  Ice." 

the  ice-cream,  however,  and  distributes  it  among 
the  audience. 

A  rubber  ball  is  tossed  to  some  one  in  the  au- 
dience.    On  its  return  the  demonstrator  drops  it 


178 


THE    MAGIC    KETTLE. 


Poaching  Egg  on  a  Cake  of  Ice. 


into  the  kettle,  where  it  is  instantly  frozen.  After 
being  taken  from  the  kettle  the  ball  is  dropped 
upon  the  stage,  and  is  shattered,  freezing  having 
rendered  it  like  glass. 


THE    MAGIC    KETTLE.  179 

Cherries  placed  in  the  kettle  are  frozen  upon 
contact  with  the  liquid  air.  When,  a  momeirt 
later,  they  are  dropped  upon  the  stage  the  sound 
is  like  hailstones  falling.  These  frozen  cherries 
are  distributed  among  the  spectators,  who  find 
presently  that  the  cherries  soon  become  as  they 
were  before  being  placed  in  the  liquid  air,  the 
freezing  not  having  injured  them  in  the  least. 

The  demonstrator  lights  a  cigar  at  the  spout  of 
the  kettle  and  smokes  it.  Later,  he  lights  another 
cigar,  and  burns  it  to  ashes  in  the  seeming  steam. 

The  performance  concludes  with  the  "  burn- 
ing" of  a  cake  of  ice;  that  is,  liquid  air  is  poured 
over  the  ice,  a  lighted  match  fires  the  oxygen,  and 
the  ice  actually  disappears  in  a  blaze. 

All  this  is  accomplished  in  about  twenty  min- 
utes. 


Orange   Culture 


IT  is  a  characteristic  of  the  United  States,  more 
than  of  any  other  nation,  that  it  absorbs  foreign 
elements  and  readily  makes  them  her  own.  This 
is  true  of  plants  as  well  as  of  men,  and  perhaps 
is  nowhere  better  exemplified  than  in  exotic  fruits 
which  have  become  acclimatized  here.  Conspicu- 
ous among  these  are  the  orange  crops  of  Florida 
and  California,  which  now  practically  monopolize 
the  home  market,  whereas  twenty  years  ago  they 
formed  but  a  small  proportion  of  the  annual  con- 
sumption. It  is  in  California  that  the  orange  has 
reached  its  greatest  development,  and  human  in- 
genuity, aiding  processes  of  evolution,  has  pro- 
duced new  varieties  of  greater  lusciousness  and 
more  convenient  for  the  table.  These  facts  were 
conspicuously  shown  at  the  recent  Portland  Fair, 
where  California  oranges  were  most  prominent. 
Some  of  the  accompanying  photographs  were  taken 
for  exhibition  there  by  the  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles 
and  Salt  Lake  Railroad,  to  advertise  their  orange 

grove  excursions  to  Southern  California. 
181 


182  ORANGE    CULTURE. 

Not  the  least  of  the  wonders  of  this  State  is  the 
marvelous  growth  of  her  orange  industry.  The 
harvesting  of  this  golden  fruit,  necessitating  as  it 
does  the  cooperative  effort  of  many  persons  in  irri- 
gating, packing,  and  marketing,  has  done  far  more 
to  develop  the  State  and  improve  her  people  than 
ever  the  golden  harvest  of  her  mines  in  days  of 
yore.  From  an  aggregate  invested  capital  of  about 
$10,000  in  1883  the  amount  now  .devoted  to  grow- 
ing oranges  in  Southern  California  is  more  than 
$50,000,000.  This  includes  the  value  of  the  land, 
trees,  irrigating  devices,  packing  houses,  agricultu- 
ral implements,  and  fertilization  of  the  groves.  In 
1888,  the  annual  orange  production  of  Califor- 
nia was  about  500  carloads.  Soon  after  it  began 
to  rise  rapidly  by  thousands  of  carloads  a  year. 
In  1900  there  were  18,400  carloads;  in  1903, 
22,000,  and  last  year  about  25,000. 

This  result  is  largely  owing  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  seedless  or  navel  orange,  a  freak  of 
nature  due  to  the  degeneration  of  the  plant.  Or- 
dinarily in  the  case  of  fruit  the  envelope  grows 
with  the  seed,  and  ripening  does  not  take  place 
unless  fertilization  has  been  effected.  Cases  occur, 
however,  in  which  the  fruit  swells  and  becomes 
apparently  perfect  while  no  seeds  are  produced; 


ORANGE    CULTURE. 


183 


as  pampered  individuals  of  the  human  kind  often 
grow  sleek  and  fat  through  loss  of  mental  and 
physical  activity.  Thus  in  bananas,  plantains  and 


This  Tree  bore  between  six  and  seven  boxes  of 
Fruit  for  one  Crop. 

hread-fruit  the  non-development  of  seeds  seems  to 
be  conducive  to  a  larger  growth  and  succulence. 
Seedless  pineapples,  grapes,  and  oranges  have  thus 


184  ORANGE    CULTURE. 

been  produced,  the  continuance  of  supply  depend- 
ing largely  on  cultivation  and  replanting  by  cut- 
tings, grafting,  budding,  or  other  agricultural 
process. 

As  far  back  as  1862  oranges  were  cultivated  in 
California.  There  Avere  then  25,000  trees  in  the 
State,  all  seedlings,  and  the  crop  was  subject  to 
many  vicissitudes,  generally  threatening  to  run 
out.  In  1873,  the  Department  of  Agriculture  im- 
ported from  Brazil  two  seedless  "orange  trees  and 
sent  them  to  Eiverside,  in  Southern  California,  the 
real  heart  of  the  orange  producing  section  and  the 
birthplace  of  the  Washington  navel  orange.  From 
these  two  trees  millions  have  been  grown,  some- 
times by  buddiug  on  old  seedlings,  sometimes  by 
planting  cuttings.  The  Washington  navels  have 
taken  first  rank  in  the  orange  market,  have  practi- 
cally driven  out  importations  from  Spain  and  the 
West  Indies,  and  are  competing  severely  with  the 
domestic  product  from  Florida.  The  groves,  which 
in  1900  contained  4,120,470  trees,  planted  on 
55,400  acres,  were  nearly  all  in  the  seven  southern 
counties  of  California,  and  produced  a  crop  of 
6,624,000  boxes,  worth  $18,000,000. 

When  the  trees  are  properly  taken  care  of,  the 
navel  oranges  grow  in  wonderfully  thick  clusters, 


ORANGE    CULTURE. 


185 


186  ORANGE    CULTURE. 

and  the  brandies  are  so  heavily  loaded  that  each 
limb  has  to  be  propped  up.  The  contrast  of  the 
rich,  golden  fruit  with  the  dark  green  leaves  and 
the  orderly  disposition  of  the  trees  gives  a  wonder- 
ful beauty  to  the  groves,  which  are  often  miles  in 
extent,  so  that  the  modern  grower  finds  it  most 
convenient  to  inspect  his  plantation  from  an  auto- 
mobile. Net  profits  are  sometimes  as  much  as 
$1,000  an  acre.  The  crop  is  practically  continu- 
ous, shipments  being  made  every  month  in  the 
year,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  harvest  is  gar- 
nered between  January  and  June.  During  that 
time  every  valley  along  the  foot  of  the  sierras  is 
bustling  with  activity,  the  orange  groves  ring  with 
the  songs  of  the  pickers,  the  country  roads  rumble 
with  the  wagons  conveying  the  fruit  to  the  packers, 
and  long  trains  start  daily  on  their  journey  across 
the  continent.  The  transcontinental  railways 
charge  90  cents  a  box  for  transportation  to  the 
Atlantic  coast  and  78  cents  to  Chicago,  leaving  a 
net  profit  of  about  $6,500,000  on  the  entire  crop. 

This  harvesting  is  a  wonderful  sight,  recalling 
the  vintages  of  medieval  Europe.  A  force  of  men 
takes  possession  of  a  grove  early  in  the  morning, 
having  tall  step-ladders  to  enable  them  to  reach 
the  highest  branches.  Then  they  go  from  tree  to 


ORANGE    CULTURE. 


187 


188  ORANGE    CULTURE. 

tree,  carefully  cutting  each  orange  from  its  stem. 
If  pulled  off,  the  skin  would  be  apt  to  break  and 
then  the  orange  would  soon  decay.  Each  picker 
carries  a  bag  into  which  he  drops  the  fruit.  There 
are  some  patent  knives  on  long  poles  connected 
with  a  canvas  chute,  so  that  the  fruit  may  be  cut 
from  the  ground  and  roll  from  the  tree  into  boxes. 
This  dispenses  with  step-ladders,  but  it  is  not  so 
rapid  or  so  accurate,  and  in  most  groves  the  hand 
method  is  used.  Next,  the  oranges  are  set  aside 
in  their  rough  boxes  for  a  three  days'  curing.  This 
is  necessary  because  in  the  freshly  cut  fruit  the 
oil  cells  are  expanded,  and  when  the  oranges  are 
cut  off  from  the  sap  the  skin  draws  closer 
to  the  pulp,  and  gives  off  a  moisture  that  would 
cause  sweating  and  decay  if  the  fruit  were  packed 
at  once.  Then  the  oranges  are  washed  in  a  long, 
narrow  tank  of  water,  passing  between  two  soft, 
wet  brushes  to  take  off  the  dust.  Next  they  are 
spread  out  in  the  sun  to  dry  on  long,  slanting 
racks.  After  that  they  are  fed  into  a  hopper,  and 
pass  one  by  one  between  revolving,  cylindrical, 
dry  brushes,  which  gives  them  a  smooth,  shiny 
appearance. 

The  oranges  next  go  to  the  sorting  table,  which 
is  gently  inclined.     In  single  file  they  are  directed 


ORANGE    CULTURE. 


189 


190  ORANGE    CULTURE. 

to  narrow  tracks  formed  by  moving  ropes,  which 
gradually  diverge.  The  smallest  fall  through  first 
and  the  larger  sizes  further  on,  each  into  appro- 
priate bins.  This  is  called  grading.  In  the  Oat- 
man  '  packing  house,  where  Sunny  Mountain 
oranges  are  sorted,  the  fancy  and  choice  fruit 
is  separated  by  hand  from  the  standards  and  culls. 
The  latter  then  pass  to  the  sizer,  where  the  oranges 
roll  over  openings  of  different  widths,  dropping 
through  into  bins  made  for  each  size.  From  these 
bins  girls  fill  the  boxes,  thus  assuring  the  selection 
of  oranges  of  the  same  size  in  each  box.  Ordina- 
rily the  standard  number  of  oranges  in  a  box  runs 
from  64  to  360,  there  being  twelve  grades  in  all. 
Both  extremes  and  the  next  four  smaller  sizes 
are  subject  to  a  discount  from  market  prices.  For 
packing,  three  to  four  cents  a  box  is  paid.  The 
packers  are  nearly  all  women  and  young  girls,  as 
deftness  of  touch  is  essential,  each  orange  being 
separately  wrapped  in  tissue  paper. 

Sweet  oranges  of  the  seedling  variety  are  ex- 
tensively grown  in  Florida,  but  their  cultivation  is 
more  precarious  because  night  frosts  frequently 
occur  in  winter  or  spring,  causing  widespread  loss. 
In  Florida  also  is  found  the  bitter  orange  so  much 
used  in  marmalade.  It  has  grown  wild  there  from 


ORANGE    CULTURE. 


191 


192  ORANGE    CULTURE. 

the  early  Spanish  days,  and  was  brought  by  the 
first  colonists  from  the  West  Indies  and  Spain. 
In  Europe,  oranges  were  introduced  by  the  Arabs. 
They  got  them  from  India,  but  Burmah  is  believed 
to  be  the  original  home  of  the  orange.  When 
growing  wild  there  is  a  tendency  on  the  part  of 
the  sweet  variety  to  become  more  like  the  bitter. 
Botanically  the  lemon,  citron  and  lime  belong  to 
the  same  family,  and  all  probably-  have  a  common 
origin  in  some  remote  period. 

In  recent  times  their  wide  diffusion  is  due  to 
the  great  profit  in  modern  methods  of  cultivation, 
better  means  of  transportation  affording  ready 
markets  and  science  assisting  the  fruitfulness  of 
nature.  Orange  trees  will  produce  abundantly 
wherever  the  climate  is  sufficiently  warm  and 
enough  moisture  can  be  supplied.  Irrigation, 
therefore,  is  a  great  problem  for  the  grower,  and 
it  is  usual  to  water  and  plow  up  the  ground  be- 
tween the  rows  of  trees  every  six  weeks  to  keep 
the  roots  moist.  Few  objects  of  the  agriculturist's 
care  give  such  a  wonderful  return.  A  single  tree 
will. often  yield  2,500  or  3,000  oranges,  and  will 
continue  to  produce  abundantly  for  at  least  eighty 
years.  In  Europe  there  are  many  trees  150  or  200 
years  old  still  bearing  fruit,  and  in  the  orangery 


ORANGE    CULTURE. 


193 


194  ORANGE    CULTURE. 

at  Versailles  there  is  one  said  to  have  been  the 
property  of  the  Constable  de  Bourbon  in  1515. 

Eapid  maturity  is  another  advantage,  the  period 
being  reached  in  eight  years  from  the  seed  or  five 
from  a  graft.  Usually  the  best  seeds  are  selected, 
planted  in  moist  ground,  transplanted  in  the 
fourth  or  fifth  year,  and  in  the  seventh  or  eighth 
grafted  on  the  desired  variety. 

It  is  the  typical  fruitfulness  of  the  orange  tree 
which  has  led  to  the  selection  of  its  flowers  for 
bridal  wreaths,  and  in  some  places  the  raising  of 
blossoms  is  more  important  than  that  of  the  fruit. 
In  France  the  recent  annual  output  of  orange 
flowers  was  1,860  tons.  In  England,  too,  the  tree 
is  cultivated  for  its  blossoms,  the  climate  not 
allowing  the  fruit  to  ripen.  There  the  common  va- 
riety was  the  bitter  or  "  Seville  "  orange,  known 
as  far  back  as  the  time  of  Shakespeare,  who,  in 
"  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,"  makes  a  very  poor 
pun  on  the  name,  Beatrice  describing  Count 
Claudio  as  "civil  count,  civil  as  an  orange  and 
something  of  that  jealous  complexion."  This  Se- 
ville orange  is  chiefly  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
marmalade,  of  which  England  is  the  largest  pro- 
ducer. 

Dried  orange  peel  is  used  to  make  Curasao,  and 


ORANGE    CULTURE.  195 

is  also  one  of  the  ingredients  in  the  manufacture 
of  chartreuse.  A  kind  of  wine  is  made  from  the 
fruit  in  Martinique,  which  is  extensively  exported 
to  Turkey  and  Eussia.  The  blossoms  are  used 
in  pharmacy  to  make  orange  flower  water,  which 
has  a  sedative  effect,  and  also  in  perfumery.  There 
is  an  attar  of  orange,  known  as  neroli,  obtained 
by  distillation  with  water,  which  has  quite  a  dif- 
ferent odor  from  the  blossoms.  Finally,  the  wood 
is  used  in  cabinetmaking  and  for  canes,  as  it  has 
a  fine  grain  and  takes  a  good  polish. 

There  are  many  other  natural  varieties  of  orange 
besides  those  already  mentioned.  Such  are  the 
tangerine  and  mandarin,  now  sparingly  cultivated 
in  the  United  States,  the  Maltese  or  blood  orange 
and  the  Plata  or  silver  orange.  Grape  fruit  is  a 
variety  of  the  bitter  orange,  chiefly  cultivated  in 
California,  where  it  is  very  prolific,  but  it  is  also 
found  in  Florida.  Occasionally  there  are  acci- 
dental freaks  of  nature,  such  as  the  horned  orange, 
caused  by  the  separation  of  the  carpels,  making 
it  look  as  though  one  orange  were  growing  out  of 
another.  Experiments,  too,  are  being  continually 
made  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  with  a 
view  to  the  formation  of  new  and  useful  varieties. 
One  of  the  most  recent  results  is  the  "  tangelo," 


196  ORANGE    CULTURE. 

a  cross  between  the  tangerine  orange  and  grape 
fruit.  Thus  human  agency  to-day  supplements 
the  work  of  natural  forces  in  causing  alterations 
in  species,  and  results  wrought  by  great  cyclic 
changes  ages  ago  in  the  Burmese  peninsula  are 
now  effected  with  ease  in  the  laboratories  and 
nurseries  of  Southern  California. 


Reminiscences  of  a  Creole 
Grandmother 


You  wish  to  know  about  the  things  that  I  did 
when  I  was  young?  My  dears,  I  assure  you  I 
do  not  feel  at  all  old  now,  even  though  Clotilde 
there,  who  is  to  be  married  next  month,  is  my 
granddaughter. 

As  usual  with  all  little  Creole  girls  in  New 
Orleans,  as  elsewhere,  the  events  of  my  childhood 
date  from  my  First  Communion. 

It  was  in  the  chapel  of  the  Ursuline  Convent — 
there  were  thirty-eight  in  my  class — and  for  three 
days  preceding  we  were  in  "  Retreat,"  during 
which  we  became  heroines  in  our  own  estimation 
by  keeping  "  absolute  silence."  I  remember  Hor- 
tense  LeForge's  asking,  "  Sister  Josephine,  would 
it  be  breaking  silence  if  I  told  you  that  I  spilled 
ink  on  my  apron  ?  "  Every  morning  during  the 
time  of  preparation  we  each  drew  a  slip  of  paper 
on  which  was  inscribed  the  virtue  to  be  practised 
in  an  especial  manner,  and  at  the  end  of  the 
197 


198  REMINISCENCES    OF 

session  we  wrote  on  the  back  of  the  paper  the 
number  of  "virtues"  to  our  credit:  silence  in 
the  halls,  playing  the  scales,  writing  exercises 
without  a  blot,  giving  our  "  candy  money "  to 
the  poor;  these  acts  were  called  roses,  and  each 
child's  ambition  was  to  contribute  as  many  spir- 
itual roses  as  possible  to  the  chaplet  to  be  offered 
to  the  Madonna  on  our  First  Communion  morn- 
ing. One  afternoon  a  small  hand  went  up,  and 
Marie  Rougemont  inquired  timidly,  "  Please,  Sis- 
ter, does  wilted  roses  count  ?  I  got  angry  half 
way/' 

My  early  tribulations  generally  had  to  do  with 
a  muchrhated  little  black  book  called  "  First  Les- 
sons in  English." 

Why  anybody  wanted  to  learn  English,  since 
everybody  naturally  knew  French,  was  a  puzzle 
to  which  my  small  brain  could  get  no  clew.  In 
this  deeply-rooted  prejudice  I  think  that  Sister 
Josephine  secretly  sympathized.  But  it  was  the 
wish  of  my  parents  that  I  learn  English,  and 
parents  were  to  be  obeyed. 

Among  the  red  letter  days — weeks  rather — of 
my  childhood  were  the  visits  to  grandpapa's  sugar 
plantation,  "Bellevue,"  on  the  Lower  Coast — the 
coast  of  the  Mississippi,  be  it  understood !  The 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER. 


199 


early  settlers  of  Louisiana  always  distinguished 

our  great  river  from  all  other  rivers  by  saying 

"  les  cotes  du  Mississippi,"  and  not  "  les  bords." 

We  generally  made  the  trip  down  the  river  in 


From  stereograph,  copyright,  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.  Y. 

"  Uncle  Jake." 

the  Odette,  a  big,  homelike  boat  that  carried 
merchandise  to  the  plantations,  and  brought  back 
sugar  to  New  Orleans.  It  never  started  on  time, 
so  we  children  scampered  about  the  deck,  or  leaned 
over  the  railing  to  watch  the  "  darkies  "  loading 


200  REMINISCENCES    OF 

the  cargo,  or  the  sugar  levee  with  its  varied  activi- 
ties of  men  and  mules,  and  the  arriving  or  out- 
going boats.  We  stopped  at  every  plantation  on 
either  side  where  supplies  were  to  be  landed,  just 
as  the  boats  do  now,  for  that  matter.  Indeed,  I 
find  very  little  change  in  the  sugar  industry  of 
the  plantations:  more  machinery,  of  course,  and 
fewer  men,  and  new  faces  in  place  of  the  old 
in  those  big  drawing-rooms  where  we  danced  and 
talked  and  flirted — a  little.  Youth  is  foolish. 

And  while  the  freight  was  unloading  we  strolled 
about,  glad  to  tread  on  land  again,  or  called  on 
our  friends.  Once  we  were  having  supper  with 
Madame  Lavardens  when  the  boat  whistle  sounded, 
and  had  to  run  just  as  the  dessert — peach  meringue 
with  whipped  cream,  and  a  dish  of  candied  cher- 
ries— was  put  on  the  table.  It  was  tragic ! 

There  was  no  particular  time  for  arriving  at 
our  destination.  "Uncle  Jake,"  a  white-haired 
old  "  darky "  whom  I  vaguely  believed  to  have 
been  a  little  boy  with  Moses  in  Egypt,  always  met 
us  at  the  landing,  marshaling  us  youngsters  into 
line  with  all  the  dignity  of  a  king's  courier.  On 
the  first  evening  of  our  visit  we  went  to  the 
"  store,"  the  center  of  social  and  business  activity 
on  every  large  plantation,  where  the  colored  folk, 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER. 


201 


202  REMINISCENCES    OF 

for  our  entertainment,  performed  their  best  "  cake 
walks "  and  "  double  shuffles,"  to  the  music — 
sounds,  if  you  prefer — of  an  accordion,  played  by 
the  genius  of  the  clan. 

It  was  a  great  treat  to  be  taken  to  the  sugar 
mill  and  allowed  to  watch  the  various  processes 
that  converted  the  piles  of  juicy  cane  stalks  into 
barrels  of  glistening  sugar.  I  watched  the  great 
vats — they  were  uncovered,  with  coils  of  steam 
pipe  at  the  bottom — with  a  sort  of  fascinated  awe ; 
and  once  I  dreamed  that  I  had  fallen  into  one 
of  the  pans  and  turned  into  sugar,  and  that  a 
long  time  afterward  I  was  made  into  frosting  for 
mamma's  birthday  cake;  just  as  she  raised  the 
knife  to  cut  the  cake  she  recognized  her  dear  little 
daughter. 

From  my  bedroom  windows  I  could  see  the 
glaring  red  fires  of  the  sugar  mill,  and,  after 
I  grew  up  and  got  into  the  'history  class,  the  sight 
always  made  me  think  of  the  camp  fires  of  the 
Roman  soldiers.  Even  yet,  so  subtle  is  the  power 
of  association,  a  big  fire  outdoors,  in  the  dark 
of  an  earty  winter  evening,  always  calls  up  a  twin 
vision,  first  of  my  grandfather's  sugar  mill,  and 
then  the  camp  fires  of  Cesar's  legions. 

During  one  visit  Aunt  Clotilde,  papa's  young- 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER. 


203 


Copyright,  1901,  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.  V. 

On  the  Sugar  Levee,  New  Orleans. 

est  sister,  had  a  birthday  party,  and  at  the  height 
of  the  merriment  the  portrait  of  my  great-grand- 
mother, painted  in  France,  fell  to  the  floor,  hitting 
my  father's  arm  and  barely  missing  his  head. 
The  colored  people  were  almost  ashen  with  fear, 
and  were  sure  that  something  dreadful  threatened 
the  family.  As  my  grandfather  refused  to  do  any- 


204  REMINISCENCES    OF 

thing  to  propitiate  the  evil  fates,  they  took  it 
upon  themselves  to  save  us  from  our  folly,  and 
sent  surreptitiously  to  a  neighboring  plantation 
for  a  "  voodoo  man "  to  work  his  enchantments 
in  our  behalf.  The  plot  came  out  when  grandpapa 
found  some  black  specks  in  his  coffee  and  stormed 
so  at  the  cook  that  she  had  to  confess,  in  self- 
defense,  that  she  had  put  "conjer  powders"  in 
all  our  cups. 

Yes,  certainly,  they  were  taught  the  Catechism ! 
But  what  will  you  do  with  centuries  of  African 
superstitions  and  heathen  rites?  They  are  in  the 
blood ! 

A  being  of  whom  I  stood  in  some  dread  was 
a  little  man  almost  as  dark  as  "  Uncle  Jake,"  but 
with  a  mass  of  coarse,  straight,  black  hair.  I  was 
told  that  he  was  from  Manila,  a  city  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  It  was  Aunt  Clotilde's  suggestion 
that  I  look  for  this  spot  on  the  atlas  in  the  library, 
where  it  was  finally  run  to  cover  among  other 
black  spots  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

There  were  many  of  these  Filipinos  employed 
on  the  plantations  of  Louisiana  a  generation  be- 
fore Aguinaldo  was  born. 

In  nearly  all  the  pictures  of  my  childhood  there 
looms  prominently  to  the  front  the  dusky  figure 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER. 


205 


A  Negro  "Mammy." 

of  "  Tante  Salome,"  nurse,  tyrant,  and  special 
providence  to  all  of  us.  When  we  had  been  good, 
Mimi  and  Conde  and  I,  we  were  allowed  to  go 
with  her  to  the  French  Market,  a  wonderful  region 
of  bustle  and  chatter,  with  its  stalls  of  oranges 
and  bananas,  tin  soldiers  and  marvelous  dolls, 
bandanas  and  calicos,  its  mixed  odors  of  fish  and 
fragrant  coffee.  My  ideas  of  heaven  were  of  a 
sort  of  glorified  French  Market  with  angels  in 
white  instead  of  old  crones  in  dingy  black  in 
charge  of  the  stalls. 

No,  we  didn't  see  anything  of  the  "  Americans  " 


206  REMINISCENCES    OF 

in  those  days.  The  first  time  that  I  ever  went 
a  block  beyond  the  upper  side  of  Canal  Street  was 
when  Cousin  Jean  was  married — the  year  that  I 
was  seventeen.  He  married  an  "  American  "  girl, 
born  and  brought  up  in  New  Orleans,  not  a  mile 
away  from  my  father's  house,  but  who  was  as 
much  a  foreigner  in  our  city,  the  real  New  Orleans, 
as  if  she  had  been  a  native  of  Boston.  Exclusion 
could  go  no  further.  Jean  niet  her  one  summer 
at  Saratoga,  the  wedding  followed  in  the  fall. 
It  was  in  the  Jesuit  Church  in  Baronne  Street, 
and  we  went  early  so  that  mamma  could  show  us 
the  statue  there  of  Our  Lady  which  had  been 
ordered  by  Queen  Marie  Amelie  for  the  Tuileries. 
And  to  think  that  all  my  children  should  have 
married  "  Americans,"  and  that  some  of  my  grand- 
children can  not  even  speak  French  ! 

I  remember  fancying  that  it  must  be  an  envi- 
able position  to  be  a  bride,  and  have  all  that  fuss 
made  about  you:  six  pretty  girls  for  attendants, 
the  church  full  of  people  to  look  at  you  and  your 
beautiful  satin  gown,  the  altar  ablaze  with  candles, 
a  solemn  High  Mass  on  a  week  day  just  for 
one  person — I  quite  forgot  Cousin  Jean.  In  less 
than  two  years  I  was  a  bride  myself. 

Oh,  in  the  Cathedral,  of  course,  the  dear  old 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER. 


207 


208  REMINISCENCES    OF 

Cathedral  where  I  was  baptized!  Archbishop 
Blanc  performed  the  marriage  ceremony — the  dear 
saint !  Not  very  long  afterward  he  slipped  and 
fell  when  landing  from  a  steamboat,  and  never 
fully  recovered.  In  another  year  he  was  dead. 

The  year  of  my  marriage,  1857,  was  a  notable 
one  in  the  history  of  New  Orleans,  for  it  marked 
the  beginning  of  a  regularly  organized  Mardi  Gras 
celebration.  The  "  Mystic  Krewe  of  Comus  "  took 
possession  of  our  streets  and  showed  us  the 
"  People  of  the  Infernal  Eegions."  Cousin  Jean 
was  the  devil.  And  the  "  Krewe,"  as  it  is  the 
oldest  of  our  carnival  organizations,  is  still  per- 
haps the  most  prominent. 

The  next  year  they  had  scenes  from  "  Heathen 
Mythology,"  but  I  didn't  get  to  see  much  of  them, 
for  Pierre  selected  that  night  in  which  to  have 
the  croup.  Yes,  I  mean  Clotildc's  father. 

But  the  following  year  was  the  season  of  our 
deep  content,  for  it  saw  the  restoration  and  dedica- 
tion of  the  French  Opera  House.  Grand  opera 
was  our  birthright,  and  we  took  it  rapturously. 

Patti  made  her  debut  here,  then  a  slip  of  a  girl, 
in  "  Le  Pardon  de  Ploermel,"  and  in  later  years 
we  had  Fursch-Madi  and  Etelka  Gerster.  What 
a  beautiful  sight  it  was,  the  decorations  all  white 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER. 


209 


210  REMINISCENCES    OF 

and  gold,  the  tiers  of  boxes  filled  with  our  most 
beautiful  girls  and  their  mothers,  all  wearing 
Paris  clothes,  or  very  clever  imitations.  Saturday 
night  was  Fashion's'  own  at  the  opera,  and  people 
welcomed  their  friends  to  their  boxes  between 
the  acts,  just  as  at  a  reception;  the  great  foyer 
was  thronged  with  gay  promenaders,  palms  and 
plants  everywhere,  the  strains  from  the  orchestra 
pulsing  on  the  air.  That  was  life ! 

It  was  the  era  of  crinolines.-  Therein  lies  the 
explanation  of  the  roomy  boxes  and  the  spaces 
between  the  tiers  of  stalls  and  seats — a  great  good 
out  of  a  great  folly !  One  of  my  gowns  measured 
fourteen  feet  in  circumference,  and  I  wore  with 
it  a  cloak  called  a  burnoose,  my  hair  in  a  chignon, 
with  two  little  curls  which  had  grown  on  some 
other  woman's  head.  My  mother  had  to  divide 
her  visiting  list  and  give  two  parties  instead  of 
one,  as  formerly,  because  she  could  get  so  few 
into  her  house,  big  as  it  was.  You  have  seen 
the  old  home  in  Chartres  Street,  built  by  my 
grandfather  in  1801,  the  last  year  of  Spanish  do- 
minion over  Louisiana,  and  the  first  of  the  new 
century. 

Mamma  gave  a  dinner  to  Archbishop  Odin,  who 
had  come  to  us  from  Galveston,  and  had  just  been 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER. 


211 


installed  on  Pentecost  Sunday.  The  good  Bishop 
had  not  been  accustomed  to  seeing  ladies  who 
required  more  than  the  dimensions  of  a  nun's  cell 
in  which  to  turn  around,  and  he  evidently  re- 
garded us  as  freaks. 

Did  I  ever  have  a  lottery  ticket? 

My  dears,   since  that  octopus,  the  lottery,  is 


Copyright,  1901,  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Jackson  Square,  Old  Cathedra]  and  Court  House,  New  Orleans. 


212  REMINISCENCES    OF 

a  thing  of  the  past,  I  don't  mind  confessing  that 
I  had  tickets,  many  of  them,  and  not  so  very  long 
ago,  either.  You  might  as  well  ask  a  Louisianian 
if  she  had  ever  eaten  gumbo ! 

The  day  of  the  lottery  drawing  was  an  exciting 
time  in  our  old  city.  Everywhere  one  saw  the 
tickets,  printed  slips  of  paper,  hung  on  strings, 
in  the  shop  windows.  They  misled  the  cook  when 
she  went  to  the  baker's,  and  seduced  the  small 
boy  on  his  way  to  school,  they  stole  from  the  mar- 
ket money  of  the  housewife,  took  the  coat  from 
the  poor  man's  back,  and  insidiously  tempted  the 
rich  who  promised  a  part,  only  a  part,  of  the  spoils 
in  charity.  I  knew  an  old  woman  who  regularly 
and  piously  went  out  to  St.  Roche's  every  month 
to  beg  from  that  overworked  saint  that  she  might 
draw  the  capital  prize.  Those  lottery  drawing 
days — they  stirred  the  blood  ! 

Early  in  the  morning  old  women  vending  tickets 
made  their  way  among  the  offices,  and  ticket 
brokers  haunted  the  lobbies  of  the  hotels.  The 
drawing  took  place  at  noon,  and  usually  the  thea- 
ter in  which  it  was  held  was  very  well  filled. 

In  its  last  years  two  great  men  were  associated 
with  the  drawings.  General  Beauregard,  hand- 
some, distinguished  looking  to  the  end,  the  darling 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER. 


213 


of  our  bruised  Southern  hearts,  presided  over  one 
of  the  wheels,  and  General  Early,  another  hero 
of  the  Confederacy,  was  at  the  second.  I  can  close 
my  eyes  and  the  whole  scene  comes  back  to  me. 
A  boy  from  the  orphanage,  blindfolded,  handed 
the  prize-tubes  to  General  Beauregard,  and  at 
every  twentieth  drawing  the  wheel  was  closed  for 


Copyright,     01  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Canal  Street,  the  Main  Thoroughfare  of  New  Orleans. 


214 


REMINISCENCES    OF 


Copyright,  1901,  by  H.  C.  White  Co.,  N.  Y. 

The  Steamboat  Landing,  New  Orleans. 

a  stirring  up  of  the  tubes.  General  Early's  wheel, 
six  feet  in  diameter,  contained  the  hundred  thou- 
sand numbers.  An  old  campaigner  said  that  he 
"  swore  off "  from  playing  the  lottery  when  he 
came  to  a  monthly  drawing,  and  saw  "  an  omnibus 
full  of  numbers,  and  a  silk  hat  full  of  prizes." 
It  was  the  charitable  side  of  the  lottery  that  had 


A    CREOLE    GRANDMOTHER.  215 

much  to  do  with  its  popularity.  Indeed,  many  of 
the  nicest  women  used  to  gather  at  one  another's 
homes  to  prepare  the  prize  tubes.  They  gave 
themselves  complacent  little  pats  on  the  backs  of 
their  consciences  because  they  were  working  for 
charity. 

The  poor  creatures  whom  the  lottery  reduced 
to  charity  will  never  be  known  in  this  world !  And 
we  sha'n't  care  anything  about  knowing  in  the 
next !  You  recall  Cable's  "  Sieur  "  George,  who 
was  reputed  to  have  a  trunk  filled  with  money, 
but  which  proved  to  be  filled  with  old  lottery 
tickets !  There  were  many  "  Sieur  "  Georges  ! 

It  is  very  good  of  you  to  be  interested  in  my 
chatter — an  old  woman  sometimes  likes  to  hear 
herself  talk. 

Celeste's  husband,  who  cherishes  his  New  York, 
says  that  we  don't  keep  up  with  the  procession — 
whatever  he  means  by  that !  Perhaps  we  don't, 
but  I  love  my  native  city,  its  old  houses  and  old 
streets,  and  old  gardens,  and  old  families  and  old 
ways ;  but  I  myself  am  old ! 


PRINTED  BY  BENZIGER  BUOTHERS,  NEW  YORK 


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PASSION  FLOWERS.     Poems  by  Father  Edmund,  of  the  Heart  of 

Mary,  C.P.  i   25 

PEARLS  FROM  FABER.     Brunowe.  o  50 

PEARLS  OF  PRAYER.  o  35 

PEOPLE'S  MISSION  BOOK,  THE.     Paper,  o.io;  per  100,  6  oo 

PEPPER  AND  SALT,  SPIRITUAL.    Stang.    Paper,  0.30;  25  copies,  4   50 

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PERFECT  RELIGIOUS,  THE.     De  la  Motte.     Cloth,  net,   i   oo 

PICTORIAL  LIVES  OF  THE  SAINTS.      New  edition,  with  Reflections 

for  Every  Day  in  the  Year.     8vo,  2   50 

Pious  PREPARATION  FOR  FIRST  HOLY  COMMUNION.     Rev.  F.   X. 

Lasance.     Cloth.  o   75 

POCKET  MANUAL.    A  Vest-pocket  Prayer-book,  very  large  type  .025 

POPULAR  INSTRUCTIONS  ON  MARRIAGE.     Girardey,  C.SS.R. 

Paper,  0.25;  25  copies,  3   75 

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6 


POPULAR  INSTRUCTIONS  ON  PRAYER.     Girardey,  C.SS.R. 

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PRAYER-BOOK   FOR   RELIGIOUS.     A  Complete   Manual   of   Prayers 

and  Devotions  for  the  Use  of  the  Members  of  all  Religious 

Communities.     By  Rev.  F.  X.  Lasance.  net,  i   50 

PREACHING.     Vol.  XV.     St.  Alphonsus  de  Liguori.     The  Exercises 

of     the     Missions.     Various     Counsels.     Instructions     on     the 

Commandments  and  Sacraments.  net,   i   25 

PREPARATION  FOR  DEATH.     St.  Alphonsus  de  Liguori.     Considera- 
tions on  the  Eternal  Truths.     Maxims  of  Eternity.     Rule  of 

Life.  net,  i   25 

PRODIGAL  SON;  or,  The  Sinner's  Return  to  God.  net,  i  oo 

REASONABLENESS  OF  CATHOLIC  CEREMONIES  AND  PRACTICES.     Rev. 

J.  J.  Burke.  o  35 

RELIGIOUS  STATE,  THE.     With  a  Treatise  on  the  Vocation  to  the 

Priesthood.     By  St.  Alphonsus  de  Liguori.  o  50 

REVELATIONS  OF  THE   SACRED   HEART  to  Blessed  Margaret  Mary. 

Bougaud.     Cloth,  net,  i    50 

ROSARY,  THE,  THE  CROWN  OF  MARY.     By  a  Dominican  Father,  o  10 

per  loo,  S   oo 

ROSARY,  THE:  Scenes  and  Thoughts.     By  Rev.  F.  P.  Garesche",  SJ. 

o   50 

ROSARY,  THE  MOST  HOLY.     Meditations.     Cramer.  o  50 

SACRAMENTALS    OP   THE    HOLY    CATHOLIC    CHURCH.     Rev.    A.   A. 

Lambing,  D.D.     Paper,  0.30;  25  copies,  4  50 

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SACRAMENTALS — Prayer,  etc.     Rev.  M.  Muller,  C.SS.R.      net,  i  oo 
SACRED  HEART  BOOK,  THE.     By  Rev.  F.  X.  Lasance.  o  75 

SACRED  HEART,  THE.     Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Keller.  o  75 

SACRIFICE    OP    THE    MASS    WORTHILY    CELEBRATED,    THE.     Rev. 

Father  Chaignon,  S.J.  net,  i   50 

SECRET  OF  SANCTITY.     St.  Francis  de  Sales.  net,  i  oo 

SERAPHIC  GUIDE,  THE.     A  Manual  for  the  Members  of  the  Third 

Order  of  St.  Francis.     By  a  Franciscan  Father.  o  60 

SHORT  CONFERENCES  ON  THE  LITTLE  OFFICE  OF  THE  IMMACULATE 

CONCEPTION.     Very  Rev.  J.  Rainer.  o  50 

SHORT  STORIES  ON  CHRISTIAN   DOCTRINE.     From  the  French  by 

Mary  McMahon.  net,  o  75 

SHORT  VISITS  TO  THE  BLESSED  SACRAMENT.     Lasance.  o  25 

SICK  CALLS;    or,    Chapters  on   Pastoral   Medicine.     By  the  Rev. 

Alfred  Manning  Mulligan,  Birmingham,  England.       net,  i  oo 
SOCIALISM  AND  CHRISTIANITY.     By  the  Right  Rev.  William  Stang, 

D.D.  net,  i  oo 

SODALISTS'  VADE  MECUM.  o  50 

SONGS  AND  SONNETS.     Maurice  Francis  Egan.  i  oo 

SPIRIT  OF  SACRIFICE,  THE,  and  the  Life  of  Sacrifice  in  the  Religious 

State.     From  the  original  of  Rev.  S.  M.  Giraud.     Revised  by 

Rev.  Herbert  Thurston,  S.J.  net,  2  oo 


SPIRITUAL  CRUMBS  FOR  HUNGRY  LITTLE  SOULS.     Richardson,    o  so 

SPIRITUAL  DESPONDENCY-  AND  TEMPTATIONS.  By  Rev.  P.  J.  Michel, 
S.J.  From  the  French  by  Rev.  F.  P.  Garesche",  S.J.  net,  i  25 

SPIRITUAL  EXERCISES  FOR  A  TEN  DAYS'  RETREAT.  Very  Rev.  R.  v. 
Smetana,  C.SS.R.  net,  i  oo 

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Cloth,  0.60;  25  copies,  9  oo 

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ST.  ANTHONY.     Rev.  Dr.  Jos.  Keller.  o  75 

STATIONS  OF  THE  CROSS.     Illustrated.  o  50 

STORIES  FOR  FIRST  COMMUNICANTS.     Rev.  J.  A.  Keller,  D.D.     o  50 

STRIVING  AFTER  PERFECTION.     Rev   Joseph  Bayma,  S.J.  net,   i  oo 

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TRUE  SPOUSE  OF  JESUS  CHRIST.  St.  Alphonsus  de  Liguori.  2  vols. 
Centenary  Edition,  net,  2  50 

The  same,  one-vol.  edition,  net,  i    oo 

Two  SPIRITUAL  RETREATS  FOR  SISTERS.    Rev.  E.  Zollner.  net,  i    oo 
VENERATION  OF  THE  BLESSED  VIRGIN.     Her  Feasts,  Prayers,  Re- 
ligious Orders,  and  Sodalities.     Rev.  B.  Rohner,  O.S.B.     i    23 
VEST-POCKET  GEMS  OF  DEVOTION.  o  20 

VICTORIES  OF  THE  MARTYRS;  or,  The  Lives  of  the  Most  Celebrated 
Martyrs  of  the  Church.  Vol.IX.  Alphonsus  de  Liguori.  net,  i   25 
VISITS,  SHORT,  TO  THE  BLESSED  SACRAMENT.     Lasance.  o  25 

VISITS  TO  JESUS  IN  THE  BLESSED  SACRAMENT.  By  the  Author  of 
"Avis  Spirituels."  o  5° 

VISITS  TO  JESUS  IN  THE  TABERNACLE.  Hours  and  Half-Hours  of 
Adoration  before  the  Blessed  Sacrament.  With  a  Noyena  to 
the  Holy  Ghost  and  Devotions  for  Mass,  Holy  Communion,  etc. 
Rev.  F.  X.  Lasance.  Cloth,  i  25 

VISITS  TO  THE  MOST  HOLY  SACRAMENT  and  to  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Mary.  St.  Alphonsus  de  Liguori.  o  50 

VOCATIONS  EXPLAINED:  Matrimony,  Virginity,  The  Religious  State, 
and  the  Priesthood.  By  a  Vincentian  Father.  o  10 

too  copies,  6  oo 

WAY  OF  INTERIOR  PEACE.     Rev.  Father  De  Lehen,  S.J.     net,  i  25 
WAY  OF  SALVATION  AND  PERFECTION.     Meditations,  Pious  Reflec- 
tions, Spiritual  Treatises.     St.  Alphonsus  de  Liguori.  net,  i   25 
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WHAT  THE  CHURCH  TEACHES.     An  Answer  to  Earnest  Inquirers. 

By  Rev.  Edwin  Drury,  Missionary  Priest. 

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Cloth,  0.60;  25  copies,  o  oo 

8 


JUVENILES. 

ADVENTURES  OF  A  CASKET.  o  45 

ADVENTURES  op  A  FRENCH  CAPTAIN.  o  43 

AN  ADVENTURE  WITH  THE  APACHES      Gabriel  Ferry.  o  4* 
ANTHONY.     A  Tale  of  the  Time  of  Charles  II.  of  England.          o  45 

ARMORER  OF  SOLINGEN.     William  Herchenbach.  o  40 

As  TRUE  AS  GOLD.     Mary  E.  Mannix.  o  45 

BERKLEYS,  THE.     Emma  Howard  Wight.  o  45 

BERTHA;  or,  Consequences  of  a  Fault.  o  45 

BETTER  PART.  o  45 

BISTOURI.     A.  Melandri.  o  45 
BLACK  LADY,  AND  ROBIN  RED  BREAST.     Canon  Schmid.           o  25 

BLANCHE  DE  MARSILLY.  o  45 

BLISSYLVANIA  POST-OFFICE.     Marion  Ames  Taggart.  o  45 

BOB  o'  LINK.     Mary  T.  Waggaman.  o  45 

BOYS  IN  THE  BLOCK.     Maurice  F.  Egan.  o  25 

BRIC-A-BRAC  DEALER.  o  45 

BUNT  AND  BILL.     Clara  Mulholland.  o  45 

BUZZER'S  CHRISTMAS.     Mary  T.  Waggaman.  o  25 

BY  BRANSCOME  RIVER.     Marion  Ames  Taggart.  o  45 

CAKE  AND  THE  EASTER  EGGS.     Canon  Schmid.  o  25 

CANARY  BIRD.     Canon  Schmid.  o  40 

CAPTAIN  ROUGEMONT.  o  45 

CASSILDA;  or,  The  Moorish  Princess.  o  45 

CATHOLIC  HOME  LIBRARY.     10  vols.     Each,  o  45 

CAVE  BY  THE  BEECH  FORK,  THE.     Spalding,  S.J.     Cloth,  o  85 

COLLEGE  BOY,  A.     Anthony  Yorke.     Cloth,  o  85 

CONVERSATIONS  ON  HOME  EDUCATION.  o  45 

DIMPLING'S  SUCCESS.     Clara  Mulholland.  o  45 

EPISODES  OF  THE  PARIS  COMMUNE.  o  45 

EVERY-DAY  GIRL,  AN.     Mary  C.  Crowley.  c  45 

FATAL  DIAMONDS.     E.  C.  Donnelly.  o  25 
FINN,  REV.  F.  J.,  S.J.: 

His  FIRST  AND  LAST  APPEARANCE.     Illustrated.  i  oo 

THAT  FOOTBALL  GAME.  o  85 

THE  BEST  FOOT  FORWARD.  o  85 

ETHELRED  PRESTON.  o  85 

CLAUDE  LIGHTFOOT.  o  85 

HARRY  DEE.  o  85 

TOM  PLAYFAIR.  o  85 

PERCY  WYNN.  o  85 

MOSTLY  BOYS.  o  85 

FISHERMAN'S  DAUGHTER.  o  45 

FIVE  O'CLOCK  STORIES;  or,  The  Old  Tales  Told  Again.  075 

FLOWER  OF  THE  FLOCK,  THE,  and  the  Badgers  of  Belmont.      Maurice 

F.  Egan.  o   85 

FIIED'S  LITTLE  DAUGHTER.     Sara  Trainer  Smith.  o  45 

9 


GERTRUDE'S  EXPERIENCE.  o  45 

GODFREY  THE  HERMIT.  Canon  cichmid.  o  zf 

GOLDEN  LILY,  THE.  Katharine  T.  Hinkson.  o  45 

GREAT  CAPTAIN,  THE.  By  Katharine  T.  Hinkson.  o  45 

GREAT-GRANDMOTHER'S  SECRET.  o  45 

HALDEMAN  CHILDREN,  THE.  By  Mary  E.  Mannix.  o  45 

HARRY  DEE;  or,  Working  It  Out.  By  Father  Finn.  o  85 
HARRY  RUSSELL.  A  Rockland  College  Boy.  By  Rev.  J.  E. 

Copus,  S.J.  [Cuthbert].  o  85 

HEIR  OF  DREAMS,  AN.  Sallie  Margaret  O'Malley.  o  45 

HER  FATHER'S  RIGHT  HAND.  o  45 

His  FIRST  AND  LAST  APPEARANCE.  By  Father  Finn.  i  oo 

Hop  BLOSSOMS.  Canon  Schmid.  o  25 

HOSTAGE  OF  WAR,  A.  Mary  G.  Bonesteel.  o  45 

How  THEY  WORKED  THEIR  WAY.  Maurice  F.  Egan.  o  75 

INUNDATION,  THE.  Canon  Schmid.  o  40 

JACK  HILDRETH  AMONG  THE  INDIANS.  2  vols.  Each,  o  85 
JACK  HILDRETH  ON  THE  NILE.  Marion  Ames  Taggart.  Cloth,  o  85 

JACK  O' LANTERN.  Mary  T.  Waggaman.  0^5 
JUVENILE  ROUND  TABLE.  First  Series.  Stories  by  the  Best 

Y/ritcrs.  i  oo 

JUVENILE  ROUND  TABLE.  Second  Series.  i  oo 

KLONDIKE  PICNIC.  Eleanor  C.  Donnelly.  o  85 

LAMP  OF  THE  SANCTUARY.  Cardinal  Wiseman.  o  25 
LEGENDS  OF  THE  HOLY  CHILD  JESUS  from  Many  Lands.  A.  Fowler 

Lutz.  o  75 

LITTLE  MISSY.  Mary  T.  Waggaman.  o  45 

LOYAL  BLUE  AND  ROYAL  SCARLET.  Marion  A.  Taggart.  o  85 

MADCAP  SET  AT  ST.  ANNE'S.  Marion  J.  Brunowe.  o  45 

MARCELLE.  A  True  Story.  045 

MARY  TRACY'S  FORTUNE.  Anna  T.  Sadlier.  o  45 

MASTER  FRIDOLIN.  Emmy  Giehrl.  025 

MILLY  AVELING.  Sara  Trainer  Smith.  Cloth,  o  85 

MYSTERIOUS  DOORWAY.  Anna  T.  Sadlier.  o  45 

MY  STRANGE  FRIEND.  By  Father  Finn.  o  25 

NAN  NOBODY.  Mary  T.  Waggaman.  045 

OLD  CHARLMONT'S  SEED-BED.  Sara  Trainer  Smith.  o  45 

OLD  ROBBER'S  CASTLE.  Canon  Schmid.  o  25 

OLIVE  AND  THE  LITTLE  CAKES.  o  45 

OUR  BOYS'  AND  GIRLS'  LIBRARY.  14  vols.  Each,  o  25 
OUR  YOUNG  FOLKS'  LIBRARY.  10  vols.  Each,  '  o  45 

OVERSEER  OF  MAHLBOURG.  Canon  Schmid.  o  25 

PANCHO  AND  PANCHITA.  Mary  E.  Mannix.  o  40 

PAULINE  ARCHER.  Anna  T.  Sadlier.  o  45 

PICKLE  AND  PEPPER.  Ella  Loraine  Dorsey.  o  85 
10 


PLAYWATER  PLOT,  THE.     By  Mary  T.  Waggaman.  o  60 

PRIEST  OF  AUVRIGNY.  o  45 

QUEEN'S  PAGE.     Katharine  Tynan  Hinkson.  o  45 

THE  RACE  FOR  COPPER  ISLAND.       Rev.  H.  S.  Spalding,  S.J.  o  85 

RECRUIT  TOMMY  COLLINS.     Mary  G.  Bonesteel.  o  45 

RICHARD;  or,  Devotion  to  the  Stuarts.  o   45 

ROSE  BUSH.     Canon  Schmid.  o   25 

SAINT  CUTHBERT'S.     By  Rev.  J.  E.  Copus,  S.J.  o   85 

SEA-GULL'S  ROCK.     J.  Sandeau.  o  45 

SHADOWS  LIFTED.     Rev.  J.  E.  Copus,  S.J.  o  85 

SHERIFF  OF  THE  BEECH  FORK,  THE.     Rev.  H.  S.  Spalding,  S.J.  o  85 

STRONG-ARM  OF  AVALON.     By  Mary  T.  Waggaman.  o   85 

SUMMER  AT  WOODVILLE.     Anna  T.  Sadlier.  o  45 

TALES  AND  LEGENDS  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.         F.  De  Capella.  o  75 

TALES  AND  LEGENDS  SERIES.     3  vols.     Each,  o  75 

TALISMAN,  THE.     By  Anna  T.  Sadlier.  o  60 

TAMING  OF  POLLY.     Ella  Loraine  Dorsey.  o  85 

THREE  GIRLS  AND  ESPECIALLY  ONE.     Marion  A.  Taggart.  o  45 

THREE  LITTLE  KINGS.     Emmy  Giehrl.  o  25 

TOM'S  LUCKPOT.     Mary  T.  Waggaman.  o  45 

TRANSPLANTING  OF  TESSIE,  THE.     By  Mary  T.  Waggaman.  o  60 

TREASURE  OF  NUGGET  MOUNTAIN.     M.  A.  Taggart.  o  85 

Two  LITTLE  GIRLS.     By  Lilian  Mack.  o  45 

VILLAGE  STEEPLE,  THE.  o  45 

WAGER  OF  GERALD  O'RouRKE,  THE.     Finn-Thiele.             net,  o  35 

WINNETOU,  THE  APACHE  KNIGHT.     Marion  Ames  Taggart.  o  85 

WRONGFULLY  ACCUSED.     William  Herchenbach.  o  40 

YOUNG  COLOR  GUARD,  THE.     By  Mary  G.  Bonesteel.  o  45 

NOVELS  AND  STORIES. 

"BUT  THY  LOVE  AND  THY  GRACE."     Rev.  F.  J.  Finn,  S.J.  i  oo 

CARROLL  DARE.     By  Mary  T.  Waggaman.  i    25 

CIRCUS  RIDER'S  DAUGHTER,  THE.     A  Novel.     F.  v.  Brackel.  i    25 

CONNOR  D'ARCY'S  STRUGGLES.     A  Novel.     Bertholds.  i    25 

CORINNE'S  Vow.     Mary  T.  Waggaman.  i    25 

DION  AND  THE  SIBYLS.     A  Classic  Novel.     Miles  Keon.     Cloth,  i    25 

FABIOLA.     By  Cardinal  Wiseman.    Popular  Illustrated  Edition,  o   90 

FABIOLA'S  SISTERS.     A.  C.  Clarke.  i    25 

FATAL  BEACON,  THE.     A  Novel.     By  F.  v.  Brackel.  i   25 

HEARTS  OF  GOLD.     A  Novel.     By  I.  Edhor.  i    25 

HEIRESS  OF  CRONENSTEIN,  THE.     Countess  Hahn-Hahn.  i   25 

HER  FATHER'S  DAUGHTER.     Katharine  Tynan  Hinkson.     net,  i   25 
IDOLS;    or,  The  Secret  of  the  Rue  Chausse'e  d'Antin..     De  Navery. 

i    25 

IN  THE  DAYS  OF  KING  HAL.     Marion  Ames  Taggart.          net,  i    25 

"KIND  HEARTS  AND  CORONETS."     A  Novel.     By  J.  Harrison,  i    25 

LET  No  MAN  PUT  ASUNDER.     A  Novel.     Josephine  Marie.  i   oo 

II 


LINKED  LIVES.  A  Novel.  Lady  Gertrude  Douglas.  i  50 
MARCELLA  GRACE.  A  Novel.  Rosa  Mulholland.  Illustrated 

Edition.  i    25 

Miss  ERIN.     A  Novel.     M.  E.  Francis.  i   25 

MONK'S  PARDON,  THE.     Raoul  de  Navery.  i   25 

MR.  BILLY  BUTTONS.     A  Novel.     Walter  Lecky.  i   25 

OUTLAW  OF  CAMARGUE,  THE.     A  Novel.     A.  de  Lamothe.  i   25 

PASSING  SHADOWS.     A  Novel.     Anthony  Yorke.  i   25 

PERE  MONNIER'S  WARD.     A  Novel.     Walter  Lecky.  i   25 

PILKINGTON  HEIR,  THE.     A  Novel.     By  Anna  T.  Sadlier.  i   25 

PRODIGAL'S  DAUGHTER,  THE.     Lelia  Hardin  Bugg.  i  oo 

RED  INN  OF  ST.  LYPHAR,  THE.     A  Romance  of  La  Vendee.     By 
Anna  T.  Sadlier.  i    25 

ROMANCE  OF  A  PLAYWRIGHT.     Vte.  Henri  de  Bornier.  i  oo 

ROUND    TABLE    OP    THE    REPRESENTATIVE    AMERICAN    CATHOLIC 
NOVELISTS.  i   50 

ROUND  TABLE  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  FRENCH  CATHOLIC  NOVEL- 
ISTS, i   50 
ROUND    TABLE    OF    THE    REPRESENTATIVE    GERMAN    CATHOLIC 
NOVELISTS.     Illustrated.                           .                                   i   50 
ROUND  TABLE  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  IRISH  AND  ENGLISH  CATH- 
OLIC NOVELISTS.  i   50 
RULER  OF  THE  KINGDOM,  THE.     And  other  Phases  of  Life  and 
Character.     By  Grace  Keon.                                                      i   25 
THAT  MAN'S  DAUGHTER.     By  Henry  M.  Ross.                              i    25 
TRUE  STORY  OF  MASTER  GERARD,  THE.     By  Anna  T.  Sadlier.     i    25 
UNRAVELING  OF  A  TANGLE,  THE.     By  Marion  A.  Taggart.      i   25 
VOCATION  OF  EDWARD  CON  WAY.    A  Novel.    Maurice  F.  Egan.  i   25 
WAY  THAT  LED  BEYOND,  THE.     By  J.  Harrison.                             i    25 
WOMAN  OF  FORTUNE,  A.     Christian  Reid.                                       i   25 
WORLD  WELL  LOST.     Esther  Robertson.                                       o  75 

LIVES  AND  HISTORIES. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  ST.  IGNATIUS  LOYOLA.     Edited  by  Rev.  J.  F.  X. 

O'Conor.  Cloth.  net,  i  25 

BIBLE  STORIES  FOR  LITTLE  CHILDREN.  Paper,  o.io.  Cloth,  o  20 
CHURCH  HISTORY.  Businger.  o  75 

HISTORIOGRAPHIA  EccLESiASTiCA  quam  Histpriac  seriam  Solidamque 

Operatn  Navantibus,  Accommodavit  Guil.  Stang,  D.D.  net,  i  oo 
HISTORY  OF  THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  Brueck.  2  vols.  net,  3  oo 
HISTORY  OF  THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  Shea.  i  50 

HISTORY  OF  THE  PROTESTANT  REFORMATION  IN  ENGLAND  AND 

IRELAND.  Wm.  Cobbett.  Cloth,  net,  o  75 

LETTERS  OF  ST.  ALPHONSUS  LIGUORI.  Rev.  Eugene  Grimm,  C.SS.R. 

Centenary  Edition.  5  vols.,  each,  net,  i  25 

LIFE  AND  LIFE-WORK  OF  MOTHER  THEODORE  GUERIN,  Foundress 

of  the  Sisters  of  Providence  at  St.-Mary-of-the-Woods,  Vigo 

County,  Indiana.  net,  2  oo 

12 


LIFE  OF  CHRIST.  Illustrated.  Father  M.  v.  Cochem.  i  25 

LIFE  OF  FR.  FRANCIS  POILVACHE,  C.SS.R.  Paper,  net,  o  20 

LIFE  OF  MOST  REV.  JOHN  HUGHES.  Brann.  net,  o  73 

LIFE  OF  MOTHER  FONTBONNE,  Foundress  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph 

of  Lyons.  Abbe  Rivaux.  Cloth,  net,  i  25 

LIFE  OF  SISTER  ANNE  KATHERINE  EMMERICH,  of  the  Order  of  St. 

Augustine.  Rev.  Thomas  Wegener,  O.S.A.  net,  i  50 

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